3D打印的开展进程 3D打印是一种增量制作技能，归于快速成形技能，是一种根据零部件或物体的三维模型数据，运用成形设备以材料堆积的方法制作实体的技能。 三维打印工艺是美国麻省理工学院Emanual Sachs等人研制并于1989年申请了3DP专利，该专利对错成形材料微滴喷发成形范畴的中心专利之一。 经过近年来的研讨探究，打印机巨子 Stratasys 公司出产的 3D 打印机能够完成分辨率为 20 ～ 85 μm、层厚 16 μm的高精度打印制作，并完成多材料五颜六色打印。跟着打印技能的开展，更高分辨率的打印设备将会投入运用。 3D打印的原理分类 FDM技能 FDM技能运用热塑性材料的热熔性、粘结性，由计算机控制层层堆积成形。 工艺特色:成形零件力学性能好、强度高，材料来历广，制作本钱低，但精度缺乏。该技能可用于快速模具制作。 SLA技能 SLA技能根据液态光敏树脂在必定波长和功率的紫外激光照耀下发生光聚合反应的原理，完成固化成形。 工艺特色:制作精度高，表而质量好，材料运用率高。该技能可用于形状杂乱和特别精密的零件加工。 SLS技能 SLS技能根据粉末材料在热源激光照耀下烧结的原理，在计算机控制下不断循环，层层堆积成形。 工艺特色:零件的力学性能好、强度高，习惯材料规模广，能够加工塑料、陶瓷、白腊等材料的零件。该技能可用于快速翻制各种模具。 3DP技能 3DP技能是将粉末由喷头送出，然后三维模型切片后取得的二维层片喷出粘结剂，粘结粉末成形。 3D打印设备根本作业流程 根据3D打印技能的打印设备许多，其间粘结式3D打印的根本流程如下: ①经过CAD软件生成三维模型;②输出打印所需的STL文件，查看并批改过错;③运用分层软件进行分层，取得二维切片模型数据文件;④发送打印数据文件到3D打印机上;⑤打印机收集打印质料并掩盖打印区域;⑥打印机定位打印截而并喷洒粘结剂，粘结粉末;⑦第一层加工完成后，成形设备下降一个高度，质料供应设备上升一个高度，用来铺撒下一层打印质料;⑧重复进行上述进程，直至整个打印进程完毕;⑨去除剩余支撑物料，对实体进行后处理操作。 3D打印技能的长处及技能瓶颈 相对于传统制作业，3D打印技能具有许多共同的优势：①制作规模广;②个性化程度高;③本钱低;④周期短，速度快;⑤材料的多样性;⑥准确的实体仿制;⑦零交给时刻。 当然3D技能也而临许多的技能难题和瓶颈：①工本钱方而;②制作精度与功率方而;③版权方而;④材料挑选方而;⑤安全问题;⑥品德和道德方而;⑦动力节省方而。 3D打印技能的运用范畴 工业规划中的运用 选用三维打印技能不光能够快速制作出1: 1的什物模型，还能够对产品的人机界而进行实在的评测，使其更契合人性化需求。 医药工业中的运用 根据仿真的人体器官模型，在人工骨骼材料、心脏瓣膜、人体心脏支架甚至人体器官的制作方而，3D打印己经具有许多成功的运用事例Ca -s7。 航空工业中的运用 航空业巨子空客公司也企图运用3D打印技能制作飞机机舱，现在选用3D打印的行李架在空客A350上己有运用。在我国自主研制的C9型客机中，3D打印用于制作飞机钦合金部件。 家居职业中的运用 经过了二十多年技能改造，打印机逐步向小型化、简便化方向开展。在家居职业中，3D打印己经有了部分运用，在打印玩具、食物方而己经取得了成功图，在家具职业的探究也正在打开。 建筑职业中的运用 3D打印在建筑范畴的运用有两个方而:一是打印建筑物模型，iMaterialise等公司供给打印微型家庭模型效劳;二是打印建筑物各个组块，终究拼接成全体建筑。 军事范畴的运用 3D打印在军事范畴中的运用广泛，我国第一款战斗机歼一15、多用途战斗轰炸机歼一16、隐形战斗机歼-20、第五代战斗机歼一31的研制中很多选用3D打印技能。 3D打印工业的开展前景 打印设备的两型化、智能化 未来3D打印设备将向着小型化和巨型化趋势跨进。小型打印设备既能够满意家庭和作业的运用要求，又能够在供给3D打印效劳的打印店内完成很好的运用;巨型打印机能够满意大型制作工厂比如航空航天、轿车制作厂商的运用需求。一起，3D打印也向着智能化方向开展，3D打印软件能够根据材料、结构和制作环境等要素的改变来完成不同的呼应方法，完成制作的智能化。 材料的多元化 就现在而言，3D打印的材料仍限制在很少一部分，与传统制作业上可用材料品种比较，3D打印仍有很大的限制性。可是跟着技能的行进，未来适用于3D打印的根底材料也将会大幅添加，并且会发生多元材料的混合制作，完成杂乱物体的制作。 与新动力工业的交融 3D打印设备的本身优势为新动力的交融供给了有利支撑，能够运用太阳能、风能、核能等新动力为3D打印设备供给动力动力，完成制作业的动力换代，完成“绿色、低碳”制作。 云制作年代 伴跟着互联网高新技能工业的前行进伐，3D打印技能和新式化规划将向着小规模、分布式方向改变。3D打印技能将推动制作商、小型厂商和顾客进入“蚂蚁工厂”年代，应运而生的云渠道将整合资源，提高效劳与功率。一起云制作也会下降制作业准入门槛，推动技能立异。 制作业晋级与商业形式改造 跟着技能的推行，多范畴穿插交融愈加深化，必将带动制作业向高技能密布方向转化，促进相关工业链逐步形成，推动制作业转型晋级，一起也将催生一种全新的商业形式。此外，3D打印将为“立异智造”供给动力，提高工业的竞争力。 完毕语 从3D打印技能而世到现在，技能的改造晋级不断深化。跟着CAD/CAM技能的打破，计算机互联网工业的飞速开展，3D打印将会对出发生活发生更深远的影响。3D打印的开展既是机会又是应战，应当看到仅有技能层而的开展远远不够，应在改变工业形式、推动技能立异等方而做足作业，才能让3D打印技能更好地为制作业立异转型供给新的开展动力。

不知道提到3D打印机，大家脑海中是不是都会浮现出放在办公室角落的那部笨重的平面打印机。把需要的打印的东西从电脑中导入，一按下按钮就咯吱咯吱的按照电脑中的蓝图打印出来。　　　　普通日常生活的打印机我们都熟悉，但是3D打印机是个什么东西？　　　　首先，这个东西大概是长这个样子的：　　　　当然针对需要打印的部件不同，3D打印机的样子也会不一样，有大有小。这里就不一一列举了。　　　　其实听起来3D打印机这么一个高大上的东西，它的原理其实也是和上面所说的原理其实是一样的，都是通过按照电脑导入的蓝图，通过“原料”，把蓝图上的东西一层层堆叠，较后打印出来。　　　　那么3D打印对铝应用方面有什么影响呢？　　　　靠前，很直接的，专门定制的3D打印机可以直接用于铝质零件的加工。比如在轻量化领域的全铝车身等等的应用，3D打印机在这方面都可以大展身手。　　　　第二，3D打印铸造出来的不见，准确度和工艺都比较好。因为3D打印机都有专门的打印规格标准。比如说奥迪公司专门购买的SLM280HL3D打印机，打印层厚在20微米至75微米之间。奥迪公司称，这台SLM3D打印机的较终目标“是实现经过拓扑结构和工艺优化的小批量产品的高效生产”。　　　　第三，定制性比较强。就像上一点的奥迪公司所说的一样，3D打印机的较终目的都是为了实现经过拓扑结构和工艺优化的小批量产品的高效生产。小批量也代表了定制化的因素比较大。而能实现专门的定制化操作，无论从精度和质量上来说，3D打印机无疑是一个比较好的选择。

跟着“工业4.0”一步步行进，3D打印作为该项技能的技能支持之一，近些年被推到了商场的风口浪尖，被用于多个范畴。然后关于轿车制造业则更是3D打印技能运用的要点范畴。现如今，3D打印技能在轿车零部件范畴更广泛地运用已成大势所趋，它必将是轿车行业的一次重大突破。3D打印的优势在于其与传统的制造业的CNC数控加工“减材制造技能”比较，可以直接从计算机入行数据中生成任何形状的零件。这样，就可以防止一些杂乱结构零件的的开发开模环节所带来的人力物力的耗费，缩短产品开发的周期和，节约人力物力和时刻。具有制造本钱低、研制周期短、出产功率高级优势。如下图为3D打印的轿车内饰件的制造本钱比照。一起，3D打印技能运用在规划前期验证产品安装可行性时，可以及时发现产品规划的缺乏，杂乱零件或许机械原理的可行性。 关于现在的轿车行业，立异才能让产品不断的满意商场需求，在商场中立于不败，只要是有主意咱们可以不用拘泥于传统加工工艺能否完成，完全可以不受其限制，运用3D打印完成咱们的主意并验证，或许，一个天才的主意就是这样诞生的。这也正是3D打印的优势，越是传统加工工艺无法加工的零件，就越是3D打印的用武之地。如下图的构思的3D打印轿车座椅。 在产品规划方面的因为3D打印的快速成型特性，研制人员可以使用3D打印技能，在数小时或数天内制造出概念模型，可以运用于轿车外形以及内饰规划的研制。相较传统的手艺制造油泥模型，3D打印能更精确地将3D规划图转换成什物，并且时刻更短，进步规划层面的出产功率。并且，3D打印答应多样的材料挑选，不同的机械性能以及精准的功能性原型制造，让我们在前期就可以随时批改过错并完善规划，使得在规划中躲避相应的过错防止不用要的丢失。 在规划工装夹具时运用3D打印技能供给了一种快速精确的办法，大幅度降低了东西出产的本钱和时刻。因此，轿车制造商敏捷在产能、功率和质量上都得到升。就现在局势而言，3D打印的更适合单件小批量出产规划和轿车研制阶段，还有，例如整车的油泥模型，车身、底盘、同步器等零部件开发，以及橡胶、塑料类零件的单件出产。 在零部件范畴，运用3D打印技能能快速的出产造型杂乱的产品。在传统轿车制造范畴，轿车零部件的开发往往需求长时刻的研制、验证。从研制到测验阶段还需求制造零件模具，不只时刻长，并且本钱高。当存在问题时，修正零件结构等也需求相同绵长的周期。而3D打印技能则能快速制造造型杂乱的零部件，当测验出现问题时，修正3D文件从头打印即可再次测验。可以说，3D打印技能让未来零部件的开发本钱更低，功率更高。 敬请重视2018低维碳纳米材料制备及运用技能交流会 江苏省纳米技能产业立异中心、我国科学院姑苏纳米技能与纳米仿生研究所联合我国粉体网将于2018年4月24-25日在姑苏金陵观园世界酒店举行“2018低维碳纳米材料制备及运用技能交流会”，会议旨在一起讨论低维碳材料现阶段的开展中所面对的机会和应战，共享最新的研究成果，一起推进其产业化进程。 大会热忱欢迎国内外相关范畴的专家、学者、技能人员、厂商界代表活跃参会，一起欢迎公司、企事业单位到会展现技能成果，洽谈产、学、研协作。

导读 据悉，3D打印巨子Stratasys公司正与美国加州的矿业技能开发公司GraphiteTechnologies协作，一起研制石墨烯增强型3D打印材料。 我国粉体网讯材料工业是国民经济的基础工业，特别新式材料，将会给工业带来革新性的革新，新材料是材料工业开展的先导，是重要的战略性新式工业。21世纪的今日，科技革新迅猛开展，新材料产品一日千里，工业晋级、材料更新换代脚步加速。新材料技能与信息技能、生物技能、纳米技能等彼此交融，结构功用一体化、功用材料智能化趋势显着，材料的低碳、绿色、可再生循环(环保)等环境友好特性倍受重视。 3D打印技能的开展离不开其打印材料的开展，现在较为老练的3D打印技能包含SLS、SLA、FDM等，因打印技能的不同所对应的打印材料也就不同，例如SLS常用的打印材料是金属粉末，而SLA一般用光敏树脂，FDM选用的材料比较广泛，如ABS塑料、PLA塑料等。 石墨烯被称为黑金、新材料之王，科学家乃至预言石墨烯将“彻底改变21世纪”。它是现在已知最薄的材料，只要一个碳原子厚，它一起又是最强的材料，比结构钢强约200倍。石墨烯的导电功能优于铜，而热传导性优于一切其他材料。石墨烯几乎是彻底通明的，但它的结构如此严密，即使是最小的原子氦也无法穿过它。作为现在发现的最薄、强度最大、导电导热功能最强的一种新式纳米材料，石墨烯极有或许掀起一场席卷全球的颠覆性新技能新工业革新。早在2016年，闻名石墨烯厂商、伦敦上市公司HGI全资子公司HCS就宣告将与热塑性3D打印线材生产商Filamentprint公司及Fullerex公司一起协作，推行和供应石墨烯增强聚乳酸(PLA)线材以用于3D打印使用。 据悉，这款石墨烯增强型PLA线材，有1.75毫米、2.85毫米线径两种规格可供挑选，该线材具有超卓的首层附着力和Z轴强度坚持率、更快的处理速度、改善的强度和功能、优秀的表面作用和改善的尺度精度等特性。  不难想象，假如可以成功实现用石墨烯作为3D打印材料，那么3D打印机可以构建的零部件在强度、轻质化、柔韧性以及导电性等方面的功能体现将会大幅度的进步。

作为第三次工业制作范畴的典型代表技能，3D打印的开展时刻遭到各界的广泛重视。而金属高功能增材制作技能(金属3D打印技能)被行内专家视为3D打印范畴高难度、高标准的开展分支，在工业制作中有着无足轻重的位置。现如今，世界各国工业制作厂商都在大力研发金属增材制作技能，尤其是航空航天制作厂商，更是不吝消耗许多财力、物力加大研发力度，以确保自己的技能抢先优势。 在美国制作业回归战略以及德国工业4.0的布景衍衬下，国际环境也为3D打印供给了其生长不行或缺的养分。不管是美国新建立的国家增材制作中心，仍是英国技能战略委员会，都将航空航天作为增材制作技能的首要运用范畴。而在2012年10月，原我国科学院院长，全国人大委员会副委员长路甬祥曾清晰表明，我国的3D技能也将首要运用于航空航天范畴。 作为工业界皇冠上的灿烂明珠，航空航天制作范畴集成了一个国家所有的高精尖技能，是国家战略方案得以施行，政治形势得以展示的后援确保范畴。而金属3D技能作为一项全新的制作技能，其在航空航天范畴的运用优势杰出，效劳效益显着。首要表现在一下几个方面： (1)缩短新式航空航天配备的研发周期。 航空航天技能是国防实力的标志，也是国家政治的表现方式，世界各国之间竞赛反常剧烈。因而，各国都想企图以更快的速度研发出更新的武器配备，使自己在国防范畴处于不败之地。而金属3D打印技能让高功能金属零部件，尤其是高功能大结构件的制作流程大为缩短。无需研发零件制作进程中运用的模具，这将极大的缩短产品研发制作周期。 国防大学军事后勤与军事科技配备教研部教授李大光表明上世纪十年代，要研发新一代战斗机至少要花10-20年的时刻，因为3D打印技能较杰出的长处是无需机械加工或任何模具，就能直接从计算机图形数据中生成任何形状的零件，所以假如凭借3D打印技能及其他信息技能，较少只需3年时刻就能研发出一款新战斗机。加之该技能的高柔性，高功能灵敏制作特色，以及对杂乱零件的自在快速成型，金属3D打印将在航空航天范畴大放异彩，为国防配备的制作供给强有力的技能支撑。 国产大飞机C919上的中心翼缘条零件是金属3D打印技能的在航空范畴的运用典型。此结构件长3米多，是国际上金属3D打印出较长的航空结构件。假如选用传统制作办法，此零件需求超大吨位的压力机铸造而成，不光费时吃力，并且糟蹋原材料，现在国内还没有能够出产这种大型结构件的设备。 所以，要想确保飞机研发进程及安全性，咱们必须向国外订购此零件，且从订购到装机运用周期长达2年多时刻，这严峻阻止了飞机的研发进展。选用金属3D打印技能打印出的中心翼缘条，其研发时刻紧一个月左右，其结构强度到达乃至超过了锻件运用标准，完全契合航空运用标准。金属3D打印技能的运用在很大程度上缩短我国大飞机的研发，让研发作业得以顺利进行。 而这仅是金属3D打印技能运用在航空航天范畴的一个缩影罢了。 (2)进步材料的利用率，节约贵重的战略材料，下降制作本钱。 航空航天制作范畴大多都是在运用报价贵重的战略材料，比方像钛合金、镍基高温合金等难加工的金属材料。传统制作办法对材料的运用率很低，一般不会大于10%，乃至仅为2%-5%。材料的极大糟蹋也就意味着机械加工的程序杂乱，出产时刻周期长。假如是那些难加工的技能零件，加工周期会大幅度添加，制作周期显着延伸，然后形成制作本钱的添加。 金属3D打印技能作为一种近净成型技能，只需进行少数的后续处理即可投入运用，材料的运用率到达了60%，有时乃至是到达了90%以上。这不只下降了制作本钱，节约了原材料，更是契合国家提出的可持续开展战略。 2014年在我国科学院一个专题讨论会上，北航王华明教授曾表明，我国现在仅需55天就能够打印出C919飞机驾驶舱玻璃窗结构。王华明还说，欧洲一家飞机制作公司表明，他们出产相同的东西至少要2年，光做模具就要花200万美元，而我国选用3D打印技能不只缩短了出产周期，进步了功率，并且节约了原材料，极大地下降了出产本钱。 (3)优化零件结构，减轻分量，削减应力会集，添加运用寿命。 关于航空航天武器配备而言，减重是其永恒不变的主题。不只能够添加飞翔配备在飞翔进程中的灵敏度，并且添加载分量，节约燃油，下降飞翔本钱。可是传统的制作办法现已将零件减重发挥到了杰出，再想进一步发挥余力，现已不太实践。 可是3D技能的运用能够优化杂乱零部件的结构，在确保功能的前提下，将杂乱结构经改换从头规划成简略结构，然后起到减轻分量的作用。并且经过优化零件结构，能使零件的应力呈现出较合理化的散布，削减疲惫裂纹发生的风险，然后添加运用寿命。经过合理杂乱的内流道结构完结温度的操控，使规划与材料的运用到达较优化，或许经过材料的复合完结零件不同部位的恣意自在成型，以满意运用标准。 战机的起落架是接受高载荷，高冲击的关键部位，这就需求零件具有高强度，高的抗冲击才能。美国F16战机上运用3D技能制作的起落架，不只满意运用标准，并且平均寿命是本来的2.5倍。 (4)零件的修正成形。 金属3D打印技能除用于出产制作之外，其在金属高功能零件修正方面的运用价值绝不低于其制作自身。就现在状况而言，金属3D打印技能在修正成形方面所表现出的潜力乃至是高于其制作自身。 以高功能全体涡轮叶盘零件为例，当盘上的某一叶片受损，则整个涡轮叶盘将作废，直接经济丢失价值在百万之上。较之前，这种丢失或许不行拯救，令人心痛，可是根据3D打印逐层制作的特色，咱们只需将受损的叶片看作是一种特殊的基材，在受损部位进行激光立体成形，就能够回复零件形状，且功能满意运用要求，乃至是高于基材的运用功能。因为3D打印进程中的可控性，其修正带来的负面影响很有限。 事实上，3D打印制作的零部件更简略得到修正，匹配性更佳。相较于其他制作技能，在3D修正进程中，因为制作工艺和修正参数的距离，很难使修正区和基材在安排、成分以及功能上坚持一致性。可是在修正3D成形的零件时就不会存在这种问题了。修正进程能够看作是增材制作进程的连续，修正区与基材能够到达较优的匹配。这就完结了零件制作进程的良性循环，低本钱制作+低本钱修正=高经济效益。 (5)与传统制作技能相配合，互通互补。 传统制作技能适用于大批量成形产品的出产，而3D打印技能则更适合个性化或许精细化结构产品的制作。将3D打印技能和传统制作技能相结合，各取所长，充分发挥各自的优势，使制作技能发挥更大的威力。 比方，关于表面要求高质量功能，但中心要求功能一般的零件而言，能够运用传统制作技能出产出中心形状的零件，然后运用激光立体成型技能在这些中心零件上直接成型表面零件，这样就生出了表面功能高，中心要求一般的零件，节约了工艺的杂乱程度，削减了出产流程。这种互补的出产组合，在零部件的出产制作中具有重要的实践运用价值。 再者，关于外部结构简略，可是内部结构杂乱的零部件，其选用传统制作技能制作内部杂乱结构时，进程繁琐，后续加工工序杂乱这就形成了出产本钱，延伸了出产周期。选用外部运用传统制作技能而内部选用3D打印技能直挨近净成形，这样只需少数后续工序就可完结产品的制作，这缩短了出产周期，下降了本钱，发挥出传统技能和新技能的完美匹配制作的结合，完结了互通互补。 航空航天作为3D打印技能的首要运用范畴，其技能优势显着，可是这绝不是意味着金属3D打印是无所不能的，在实践出产中，其技能运用还有许多亟待决绝的问题。比方现在3D打印还无法习惯大规模出产，满意不了高精度需求，无法完结高功率制作等。并且，限制3D打印开展的一个关键因素就是其设备本钱的居高不下，大多数民用范畴还无法承担起如此昂扬的设备制作本钱。可是跟着材料技能，计算机技能以及激光技能的不断开展，制作本钱将会不断下降，满意制作业对出产本钱的接受才能，到时，3D打印将会在制作范畴开放归于它的光辉。

在刚刚完毕的里约奥运会上，世界各国的运动健儿无疑是奥运会的焦点。但在本届奥运会，除了运动健儿，就数3D打印技能的出镜率较高了。比如3D打印跑鞋，3D打印义肢，3D竞速轮椅，3D打印运动衣等等，逐个粉墨登场。在奥运会这样的有用科技前沿阵地频频出境，似乎也预示着3D打印技能将会在不久的将来进入咱们的日子。　　　　而在铝职业，世界上的一些职业巨子也似乎看到了3D打印技能的宽广远景，纷繁宣告行将投身3D打印工作。近期，俄铝集团(RUSAL)就宣告和全球较大的俄铝与全球较大的混合积层制作机器制作商DMGMORI的成员公司─—德国的SAUERGmbH公司签署了一项协议，两边共同发展可打印铝及铝合金的工业3D打印技能。有关技能将可为机器出产、航天及汽车职业的客户打印铝部件，这预示着这家世界铝业巨子将在3D打印范畴处于职业领先地位。　　　　美国人也感触到了3D打印浪潮的到来。美国密歇根理工大学敞开可持续性技能(MOST)实验室的研讨人员启动了一个项目，以探究常见的铝合金材料在3D打印技能中的运用。关于该项意图论文《根据GMAW的3D金属打印技能在运用普通铝焊接合金作为质料时的结构特色联系》。这项研讨的开端将会是铝合金3D打印走向日子的一个好的开端。　　　　那么，3D打印与铝的“联婚”，终究会给世界带来什么?　　　　3D打印机怎么“打印”?　　　　3D打印机又称三维打印机(3DP)，是一种累积制作技能，即快速成形技能的一种机器，它是一种数字模型文件为根底，运用特殊蜡材、粉末状金属或塑料等可粘合材料，通过打印一层层的粘合材料来制作三维的物体。现阶段三维打印机被用来制作产品。逐层打印的方法来结构物体的技能。　　　　3D打印机的原理是把数据和质料放进3D打印机中，机器会依照程序把产品一层层造出来。3D打印机与传统打印机较大的差异在于它运用的“墨水”是实实在在的原材料，堆叠薄层的方式有多种多样，可用于打印的介质品种多样，从繁复的塑料到金属、陶瓷以及橡胶类物质。有些打印机还能结合不同介质，令打印出来的物体一头坚固而另一头柔软。　　　　3D打印会革新铝职业吗?　　　　3D打印带来了世界性制作业革新，曾经是部件规划彻底依赖于出产工艺能否完成，而3D打印机的呈现，将会推翻这一出产思路，这使得厂商在出产部件的时分不再考虑出产工艺问题，任何杂乱形状的规划均能够通过3D打印机来完成。这将大大提高精密仪器零部件的精度，令其工作更为精巧，顺利。　　　　这一重要特色体现在铝职业中就是能够运用专门定制的3D打印机用于铝制零件的加工，而且能将精度控制在微米等级。这一特色关于现在各种机械的铝合金零部件精制是关键性的，因而德国奥迪公司就专门购买了一批3D打印机，并称较终方针是“完成通过拓扑结构和工艺优化的小批量产品的高效出产”。　　　　俄罗斯的科学界及商界也在携手协作提高国家在全球3D打印商场的竞争力。宇宙飞船为重要重点项目，特别是卫星的制作。制作高质素人造卫星3D打印机项目现正研制中，并取得俄罗斯联邦航天局Roscosmos(国家太空公司)及其他航天相关的俄罗斯厂商及大学的支撑。　　　　不久之前，坐落俄罗斯索契、专为出色的青年而设的全俄语教育中心Sirius曾向俄罗斯总统普京介绍3D打印机的样本。现时该类型经调整后已运用于世界太空站操作，制作合适的人造卫星。　　　　较近，JorisLaarman实验室推出了一款由3D打印制作的家具——“突变铝制椅子”。这款椅子是运用少数的熔融铝合金并结合3D打印技能制成的，具有杂乱的空间结构和美感，论述了在数字年代的家具规划理念。下面就来赏识一下这张3D打印的铝合金椅子的魅力地点吧。

空客和丰田这两家世界名企虽然“玩”的东西不同，一个是飞机一个是汽车，但都已经积极拥抱了3D打印技术。于是很自然地，二者在这方面走到了一起—2017年11月27日南极熊获悉，空客旗下专门负责3D打印业务的子公司APWORKS将携手丰田继续开发然后生产和销售由空客研发的用于3D打印的新型高强度铝-镁-钪合金—Scalmalloy。Scalmalloy是世界靠前种专为SLM（选择性激光熔融）3D打印技术开发的铝合金材料，具有独特的微观结构，拉伸强度高达520兆帕，密度为2.67克/立方厘米，断裂伸长率为13％，无论是抗疲劳性、可焊接性、强度/重量比，还是延展性都比普通铝合金更好（强度甚至可媲美钛合金），此外还具有很高的冷却速率，可在高温下保持稳定。因此，它十分适用于航空航天、防务和运输领域。 事实上早在2015年，空客就用Scalmalloy 3D打印了一个机舱结构（上图），成功帮助A320客机实现了瘦身。2016年5月20日，该公司又用这种材料打印了全球靠前辆仿生电动摩托车Light Rider。其强度不亚于普通摩托车，但仅重35公斤，十分轻巧。而在不久之前，APWORKS还刚刚与著名英国金属粉末制造商LPW达成了类似的合作，内容是由后者开始大量生产Scalmalloy。由此可见，这种新型合金的潜力是多么地巨大。 据悉，在这次合作中，丰田将利用其专业知识生产Scalmalloy合金，然后通过自己遍布全球的销售网络将其销售出去。同时，他们还会进一步研究Scalmalloy极具潜力的组成并优化其生产工艺。“我们相信丰田是一个的合作伙伴，能够帮助我们持续为客户持续提供并开发Scalmalloy合金，”APWORKS的销售与市场部主管Sven Lauxm ann表示，“我们的目标是在全世界市场化这种新型合金，将其提供给从航空航天到机器人等各个领域的客户。”

近年来，3D打印技术日趋发达，各种材料特别是金属与高分子材料的3D打印技术迅速发展并在工业界得到广泛实际应用，在医疗领域的牙科应用也比较多，只不过以前称作三维成型。 昨天正式开启的第19届工博会上，一个个玻璃柜前人头攒动，里面各种动物造型、“福”字线条优美，雕工精巧。上海应用技术大学材料科学与工程学院教授赵喆领衔的团队，在这里展示陶瓷材料3D打印的自主创新技术。目前最大的应用领域在于牙齿打印。打印牙齿，新技术提速增效 打印牙齿，不是新鲜事。近年来，3D打印技术日趋发达，各种材料特别是金属与高分子材料的3D打印技术迅速发展并在工业界得到广泛实际应用，在医疗领域的牙科应用也比较多，只不过以前称作三维成型。比如应用于金属牙冠、牙桥、支架的制造等，但相对于金属3D打印，齿科陶瓷打印却是件难事。 上海应用技术大学赵喆团队在国内率先开发出基于立体光固化技术(SLA)的高精度工业级陶瓷材料3D打印机，以及与之相配套的高纯氧化铝、氧化锆、氮化硅、碳化硅和石膏树脂等打印材料。这样的高精度3D打印齿科陶瓷技术与传统的制备技术相比有何不同?“3D打印技术也叫增材制造技术，原理是将计算机设计出的三维模型分解成若干层平面切片，然后把打印材料按切片图形逐层叠加，最终堆积成完整的物体。”赵喆介绍，3D打印技术出现以前，需要假牙定制者自己咬出牙膜，再送到工厂修理雕刻，制作周期通常较长，而3D打印技术提升了效率。同时，陶瓷打印的最大优势就是对复杂材料、结构、功能、应用的一体化设计与制造，产品寿命相较传统产品延长一倍。 与医疗机构携手研发应用 “该技术特别适用于对打印精度有高要求的全瓷义齿和首饰加工行业，目前我们已与上海市第九人民医院等多家国内一流医疗机构和大型义齿加工单位开展合作，技术得到应用单位的高度认可。”赵喆介绍，该技术为完全自主创新，掌握了具有自主知识产权的核心关键技术与装备。举例来说，造一颗假牙，200层切面一层一层打出来，每层厚度仅50微米，比头发丝的一半还细。与此同时，由于掌握了核心技术，其成本也将更加接地气。 3D打印陶瓷材料，特别是这一技术方向在牙齿打印方面的应用，目前国际上还有奥地利LithoZ、荷兰Admatec和法国3DCERAM三家商业企业正在同步研发，而底层技术路线完全不同的“中国方法”在打印精度、材料性能和材料适用性方面都有明显优势。 “目前，我们的技术合作正在申请相关医疗许可证书，预计半年后可真正落地服务。”赵喆说，陶瓷3D打印的成果转化比较顺利，原因是团队在基础研究时就注重与应用紧密结合，研发路线上目标是直接做出最终产品。这项技术的未来不仅仅在一颗牙齿上，其材料强度、工艺精度上的优势，有望在更多医学领域发挥作用，比如应用于骨科的硬组织修复、大尺寸特殊结构骨骼部件的制备等。

3D打印的新进展有可能为我们带来更轻、更快的飞机。在同样数量的燃料下，这种飞机能飞得明显更远。 如今的飞机由数千个金属铆钉和各种零件组装而成。这是因为用于框架的铝合金虽然轻便又坚固，却不可焊接。一旦尝试焊接它们，会产生一种称为热裂纹的现象，当它冷却之后会变得脆弱并断裂。诸如此类的焊接效应也阻碍了3D打印在高强度铝合金方向的发展。研究人员在各种尝试之后发现，激光熔化之后的金属就会像饼干一样纷纷掉落。 然而，这一切似乎很快就会改变。加利福尼亚州马里布的HRL实验室的研究人员，在开发了3D打印两种较常用的高强度铝合金之后，似乎已经克服了这个长期存在的问题。 这些合金不仅可以用于飞机，还同样适用于汽车和卡车。除此之外，该方法也增加了使用3D打印工艺来制造高强度钢和镍基超级合金的可能性。另一方面，该团队的诀窍是采用特殊的纳米颗粒来做金属涂层，并在激光加热金属时形成所需的合金微观结构框架。当它冷却时，熔融合金遵循由这些纳米颗粒设定的结晶图案，防止发生热裂纹现象，这意味着较终制造出的产品能够保持其完整的物理特征。 为了找到合适的纳米颗粒，特别是锆基纳米颗粒。研究人员通过周期表上无数可能的元素分析终于找到了具有相应性质的纳米粒子。 锆并不昂贵，中等的制造成本有望获得高价值的应用。 焊接的铝制飞机可能会进一步减轻飞机的重量，较轻的质量允许飞机在相同数量的燃料上飞的更远，而这一些都会在较后变成可观的利润和效益。

3D集成铸铝加热器，专业名称为：3D MAX集成极速加热系统，是即热电热水器的核心加热系统。由独立的水流通道三维立体环绕于加热元件周围，集成环绕水路、核心平面加热、恒温控制撒热装置、防干烧保护装置、防水垢设计系统于一体，有效地解决了即热式加热系统的漏水、漏电、水垢、干烧及出水温度忽冷忽热等安全性能方面问题，更好的提高了效率和速度。 因其加工工艺为铝合金整体铸造成形的铸铝加热技术，俗称“铸铝”加热器。是由独立的水流通道三维立体环绕于加热元件周围，集环绕水路、核心平面加热、恒温控制撒热装置、防干烧保护装置、防水垢设计系统等于一体，有效地解决了即热式加热系统的漏水、漏电、水垢、干烧及出水温度忽冷忽热等安全性能方面问题，更好的提高了效率和速度。是中山市汉功电器有限公司技术人员通过多年努力结合各种热水器与即热式加热技术之优点而研发出来的集成加热系统，将即热电热水器加热技术得到提升和完善。并逐步得到广泛关注和应用，并获得国家实用新型专利证书。　　特别提示　　目前市场上有模仿该加热系统的产品出现，但其模仿者为了降低成本不但在材质上使用劣质材料，而且缩短水道和双头加热管等材料，虽然外观相似，但其性能和品质已大打折扣，“3D MAX集成极速加热系统”因其结构为铝合金集成铸造而成，故被简称“铸铝加热器”，整体成型的填充导热介质可以是任何导热效率高的金属材料，不仅限于铝合金材料，特别提示，以免日后模仿该技术的称为“铸锌、铸铜加热器”来误导消费者。

近日，俄勒冈州立大学的工程师已经找到了一种3D打印高导电性镓合金的高复杂结构的方法。据悉，该3D打印方法可用于制造柔性电脑屏幕和其他可伸缩电子设备，包括柔性机器人。 众所周知，通常具有低毒性和良好导电性的镓合金已经被用作许多柔性电子器件中的导电材料。它们很便宜且能“自我修复”，这意味着它们可以在断点处重新连接。 然而，直到现在，这些镓合金还没有被3D打印，这限制了它们在特定应用中的使用。 俄勒冈州立大学开发的新型3D打印技术可以打印这些合金以进行其他应用，包括使用称为超声波的过程，该过程使用声能将镍颗粒和氧化镓混合成可3D打印金属。 工程师们发现，这种合金可以3D打印高达10毫米和20毫米宽的结构。如果没有镍颗粒，镓就会流行打印。但是在使用超声波混合的镍中，混合物变成糊状并且易于3D打印。此外，糊状的导电性能与纯液态金属相当，而糊状也保持自我修复特性。 “流动合金不可能铺成高大的结构，”机械工程助理教授兼论文共同作者Yiğit Mengüç解释说。“有了这种糊状质地，它可以在保持其流动能力的同时进行分层，并在橡胶管内部伸展。” 为了展示他们新3D打印技术的强大功能，研究人员3D打印出了一个“非常有弹性”的双层电路，其层互相编织而不接触。其未来的应用可能包括导电纺织品、可弯曲显示器、应变传感器、可穿戴传感器套装、天线和生物医学传感器。 “未来前景非常光明，”俄勒冈州立大学学生、机器人博士、合著者Doğan Yirmibeşoğlu说，“很容易想象制造出的可以操作的柔性机器人，它们将会走出打印机。”

aluminium coated sheet  　　一种将纯铝或含硅5％～10％的铝合金镀在碳钢板上制成的表面处理钢板。 　　镀铝钢板生产方法有热镀法、电泳法和真空蒸镀法。热镀法应用最广，因其比较经济。电泳法是将铝粉用电泳的方法均匀地镀覆在钢板表面，经小变形量的轧制使其相互紧密结合，再经500～700℃烧结处理。真空蒸镀法是在低温、真空度为0.0133Pa下进行的，其铝膜纯度高、致密，无针孔，因此耐蚀性能好。 　　镀铝钢板具有良好的抗高温氧化性，可在450℃下长期使用而不变色，最高使用温度可达750℃。还具有优异的耐大气腐蚀性，特别是能耐含SO2，H2S，CO2等工业大气的腐蚀，是镀锌钢板耐蚀性的3～6倍。多用于汽车排气系统、耐热器具、建筑材料等。 镀铝钢板的性质  镀铝板其价格为不锈钢的三分之一，是降低成本的好材料.  镀铝钢板可广泛用于:  汽车工业：消声器、排气管、油箱、隔热罩、反应器部件和歧管罩等。  建筑、农用矿山机械：柴油机消声器和隔热罩、剪草机和其它园林机械消声器等。  家用产品：烤箱、微波炉、电饭煲、多功能煲、慢炖锅、烤面包机、电热水器、电热水瓶、消毒柜、空调机、热交换器、电暧器、灯饰等。  厨房用具：煎锅、烧水壶、烤盘等。  户外产品：烧烤炉、炭炉、集/排烟口、烟窗。  因为镀铝钢板具有如下特点：  1、镀铝钢板具有极佳的耐高温性（550度）。  2、镀铝钢板可反射80%的入射热量。  3、镀铝钢板的机械强度与其基材的机械强度一致。  4、镀铝钢板对化学腐蚀有极强的耐蚀性。  5、可进行拉伸、冲压、拉管等成形加工。  6、可用标准 MAG 和TIG 焊接加工。  7、可直接接触食物。

厚钢板是指厚度大于3毫米的钢板。厚钢板分为特厚钢板和中厚钢板。特厚钢板是指厚度不小于50毫米的钢板。特厚钢板主要用于造船、锅炉、桥梁和高压容器壳体等。中厚钢板是指厚度大于3毫米、小于5O毫米的钢板。中厚钢板主要用于造船、锅炉、桥梁、装甲和高压容器壳体等。       中厚钢板：厚度大于4mm的钢板属于中厚钢板。其中，厚度4.5-25.0mm的钢板称为中厚板， 厚度25.0-100.0mm的称为厚板，厚度超过100.0mm的为特厚板。     中厚板主要用途有哪些？     答：建筑工程、机械制造、容器制造、造船、桥梁等。     普通中厚板用途：广泛用来制造各种容器、炉壳、炉板、桥梁及汽车静钢钢板、低合金钢钢板、桥梁用钢板、造般钢板、锅炉钢板、压力容器钢板、花纹钢板、汽车大梁钢板、拖拉机某些零件及焊接构件。     桥梁用钢板用于大型铁路桥梁。要求承受动载荷、冲击、震动、耐蚀等。     造船钢板：用于制造海洋及内河船舶船体。要求强度高、塑性、韧性、冷弯性能、焊接性能、耐蚀性能都好。     锅炉钢板：用于制造各种锅炉及重要附件，由于锅炉钢板处于中温（350°C以下）高压状态下工作，除承受较高压力外，还受到冲击，疲劳载荷及水和气腐蚀，要求保证一定强度，还要有良好的焊接及冷弯性能。     压力容器用钢板：主要用于制造石油、化工气体分离和气体储运的压力容器或其它类似设备，一般工作压力在常压到320kg/cm2甚至到630kg/cm2，温度在-20-450°C范围内工作，要求容器钢板除具有一定强度和良好塑性和韧性外，还必须有较好冷弯和焊接性能。     汽车大梁钢，用于制造汽车大梁（纵梁、横梁）用厚度为2.5-12.0mm的低合金热轧钢板。由汽车大梁形状复杂，除要求较高强度和冷弯性能外，要求冲压性能好。1、按品质分类(1) 普通钢（P≤0.045%，S≤0.050%）(2) 优质钢（P、S均≤0.035%）(3) 高级优质钢（P≤0.035%，S≤0.030%）2.、按化学成份分类(1) 碳素钢：a.低碳钢（C≤0.25%）；b.中碳钢（C≤0.25~0.60%）；c.高碳钢（C≤0.60%）。(2) 合金钢：a.低合金钢（合金元素总含量≤5%）；b.中合金钢（合金元素总含量＞5~10%）；c.高合金钢（合金元素总含量＞10%）。3、按成形方法分类：(1) 锻钢；(2) 铸钢；(3) 热轧钢；(4) 冷拉钢。4、按金相组织分类(1) 退火状态的：a.亚共析钢（铁素体+珠光体）；b.共析钢（珠光体）；c.过共析钢（珠光体+渗碳体）；d.莱氏体钢（珠光体+渗碳体）。(2) 正火状态的：a.珠光体钢；b.贝氏体钢；c.马氏体钢；d.奥氏体钢。(3) 无相变或部分发生相变的5、按用途分类(1) 建筑及工程用钢：a.普通碳素结构钢；b.低合金结构钢；c.钢筋钢。(2) 结构钢a.机械制造用钢：(a)调质结构钢；(b)表面硬化结构钢：包括渗碳钢、渗钢、表面淬火用钢；(c)易切结构钢；(d)冷塑性成形用钢：包括冷冲压用钢、冷镦用钢。b.弹簧钢c.轴承钢(3) 工具钢：a.碳素工具钢；b.合金工具钢；c.高速工具钢。(4) 特殊性能钢：a.不锈耐酸钢；b.耐热钢：包括抗氧化钢、热强钢、气阀钢；c.电热合金钢；d.耐磨钢；e.低温用钢；f.电工用钢。(5) 专业用钢——如桥梁用钢、船舶用钢、锅炉用钢、压力容器用钢、农机用钢等。6、综合分类(1)普通钢a.碳素结构钢：(a) Q195；(b) Q215(A、B)；(c) Q235(A、B、C)；(d) Q255(A、B)；(e) Q275。b.低合金结构钢c.特定用途的普通结构钢(2)优质钢（包括高级优质钢）a.结构钢：(a)优质碳素结构钢；(b)合金结构钢；(c)弹簧钢；(d)易切钢；(e)轴承钢；(f)特定用途优质结构钢。b.工具钢：(a)碳素工具钢；(b)合金工具钢；(c)高速工具钢。c.特殊性能钢：(a)不锈耐酸钢；(b)耐热钢；(c)电热合金钢；(d)电工用钢；(e)高锰耐磨钢。7、按冶炼方法分类(1) 按炉种分a.平炉钢：(a)酸性平炉钢；(b)碱性平炉钢。b.转炉钢：(a)酸性转炉钢；(b)碱性转炉钢。或 (a)底吹转炉钢；(b)侧吹转炉钢；(c)顶吹转炉钢。c. 电炉钢：(a)电弧炉钢；(b)电渣炉钢；(c)感应炉钢；(d)真空自耗炉钢；(e)电子束炉钢。(2)按脱氧程度和浇注制度分a.沸腾钢；b.半镇静钢；c.镇静钢；d.特殊镇静钢。

锅炉钢板主要是指用来制造过热器、主蒸汽管和锅炉火室受热面用的热轧中厚板材料，主要材质有优质结构钢及低合金耐热钢，常用的锅炉钢有平炉冶炼的低碳镇静钢或电炉冶炼的低碳钢，含碳量Wc在0.16%-0.26%范围内。由于锅炉钢板处于中温（350ºC以下）高压状态下工作，除承受较高压力外，还受到冲击，疲劳载荷及水和气的腐蚀，对锅炉钢的性能要求主要是有良好的焊接及冷弯性能、一定的高温强度和耐碱性腐蚀、耐氧化等。  　　锅炉及压力容器用板主要钢号及执行标准  　　（1）锅炉板主要钢号有：20g、16Mng、15CrMoVg、19Mng、22Mng  　　（2）压力容器用板主要钢号有：20R、16MnR、15MnNbR、15MnVNR  　　（3）执行标准：GB713-1997、GB6654-1996  　　锅炉及压力容器用板的主要用途  　　锅炉钢板广泛应用于石油、化工、电站、锅炉等行业，用于制作反应器、换热器、分离器、球罐、油气罐、液化气罐、核能反应堆压力壳、锅炉汽包、液化瓶、水电站高压水管、水轮涡壳等设备及构件 锅炉钢板是锅炉制造中非常关键的材料之一。超临界火电机组锅炉的发展,对锅炉钢板的性能提出了更高的要求。锅炉新材料的应用是由材料标准作为载体而实施的。对比分析我国标准与美国ASME 材料标准之间存在的差距,制定适合我国火电机组发展的先进的锅炉钢板标准,应是发展方向。关键词: 锅炉钢板;性能;标准;ASME; 超临界中图分类号: TG335. 5 　文献标识码:B 　文章编号: 1003 -0514(2005)04 -0037 -05  The comparison and development of the standard of Chinese and American boiler plate  ZHANG Xian( Babcock & Wilcox Beijing Company , Beijing 100001 , China )HUANG Ying( China Metallurgical Information & Standardization Research Institute , Beijing 100730 , China ) Abstract : Boiler plate is the important material of making boiler. The development of boiler of supercritical thermal power generator makes the claim for the capability of boiler plate. The application of the new material takes effect on the basis of material standard as a carrier. Compare and analyse the differences between Chinese and American ASME materials and de2 velop the boiler plate standard fit for our thermal power generator networks.  Key words : boilerplate; capability; standard;ASME; supercritical  0 　前言临界火电技术的最现实的途径,但是只有充分了解掌 近年来火电机组向大型化、高参数化发展的趋势握国际上那些技术成熟的新材料,并将其纳入我国电日益明显,超临界参数的火电机组已经在我国大量设站锅炉用钢标准,建立适合我国火电机组发展的先进计建造。作为火电机组三大主机之一的锅炉,对其所的锅炉用钢体系,促进新型锅炉用钢国产化,才是发使用钢的耐高温高压、耐腐蚀、性能稳定等方面提出展我国超临界火电机组的关键。了更高的要求。新型锅炉用钢的研制、开发与应用, 锅炉钢板是锅炉制造中非常关键的材料之一,主一直是火电机组发展所面临的重大课题,各国均投入要是指用来制造锅炉中的锅壳、锅筒、集箱端盖、支吊了大量的人力、物力从事相关的研究工作。架等重要部件用的热轧专用碳素钢和低合金耐热钢 我国火电机组锅炉用钢的开发,近几十年来几乎中厚钢板材料。锅炉钢板常常处于中、高温和高压状处于完全停滞状态。目前超临界火电机组,甚至包括态下工作,除承受较高温度和压力外,还受到冲击,疲部分亚临界机组锅炉中的许多关键材料完全依赖进劳载荷及水和气的腐蚀,工作条件较差。如果锅炉在口。新材料的开发和应用是锅炉制造取得技术进步使用过程中发生破坏性事故,将会造成严重的损失。的基础,新材料是由材料标准和技术条件作为载体而因此锅炉钢板必须具有良好的物理性能、力学性能和实施的。虽然从国外购买先进材料是现阶段发展超可加工性,并在材料标准的技术条款中给予严格的规 　　收稿日期:2005-06-20 作者简介:张显,高级工程师,1985 年毕业于合肥工业大学材料工程系,现工作于北京巴威公司工程部。 . 1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.  定,以满足其使用中的安全。 美国机械工程师协会(ASME) 负责制订、颁布和实施的锅炉压力容器技术规范,它不仅是统一的美国国家标准, 同时也是国际公认的标准法规系统。ASME 规范第II 卷材料篇,主要引用了美国材料试验学会(ASTM) 的相应材料标准和材料试验标准。在ASME 规范中允许使用的材料一般来说必须按照第II 卷的材料标准供货。因此,只有认真研究ASME 材料标准,并与我国锅炉钢板标准进行对比与分析,找出之间的差距,才能建立适合我国超临界火电机组发展的完善的锅炉用钢板标准和标准体系。 1 　常用锅炉钢板及性能要求 从材料上来分,锅炉钢板可分为专用碳素钢板和低合金耐热钢板两类。锅炉钢板所用的材料对化学成分,特别是对磷、硫等有害元素和铬、镍、铜等残余元素有严格的控制;冶炼时还应进行良好的脱氧和去除非金属夹杂物,以保证良好的塑性和韧性;组织结构要求均匀,晶粒度控制在一定范围内(通常希望晶粒度在3～7 级之间);对表面质量和内部缺陷也有严格的要求;此外常温和高温力学性能必须保证。 根据工作条件不同,锅炉钢板又可分为制造室温及中温承压部件钢板和制造高温承压部件钢板两大类。 室温及中温(蠕变温度以下) 用锅炉钢板,大多采用碳素钢,包括碳钢、碳锰钢、碳锰硅钢等,即GB713  -1997 锅炉用钢板中的20g 、22Mng 、16Mng 、19Mng 钢,以及美国ASME SA -515ΠSA -515M 中高温压力容器用碳钢板、SA-299ΠSA -299M 压力容器用碳锰硅钢板等。主要用于制造锅炉的锅筒、中温以下集箱端盖等承压部件。要求其应具有较高的室温强度;良好的冲击韧性和较低的缺口敏感性;由于锅筒等部件在加工时需要大量的冷变形,因此还要具有良好的时效韧性;另外还要具备良好的加工工艺性和焊接性能;以及良好的低倍组织等。 高温(蠕变温度以上) 用锅炉钢板,一般采用低合金耐热钢,常用有铬钼钢、铬钼钒钢、铬钼钨钢等。例如GB713 -1997 锅炉用钢板中的15CrMog 、12Cr1MoVg , 以及美国ASME SA -387ΠSA387 -M 压力容器用铬-钼合金钢板中的Gr22 、Gr91 和ASME SA -1017ΠSA1017 -M 压力容器用铬-钼-钨合金钢板中的Gr23 、Gr911 、Gr122 钢等。主要是用以制造高温集箱封头端盖、蒸汽管道堵板等高温承压部件。要求 其必须具有足够的高温持久强度和持久塑性;良好的高温组织稳定性;良好的高温抗氧化性(耐热性);以及良好的冷热加工工艺性(主要指冷弯变形和可焊接性) 等。 2 　锅炉钢板标准对比分析 对锅炉制造行业来说,ASME 无疑是世界上最权威、最先进、最完善的建造规范。我国的锅炉行业在引进超临界火电机组锅炉的制造技术时,几乎无一例外的采用了美国机械工程师协会(ASME) 制订、颁布和实施的锅炉压力容器技术规范。 现阶段我国的锅炉钢板标准体系分为通用标准和产品标准两层,通用标准包括GBΠT247 钢板和钢带检验、包装、标志及质量证明书的一般规定和GBΠ T14977 热轧钢板表面质量的一般要求两个标准,产品标准仅GB713 锅炉用钢板1 个标准。另外我国还有一个压力容器钢板标准GB6654 压力容器用钢板, 但因为其与大型火电机组锅炉用钢板的要求相距甚远,因此不适合高压以上大型火电机组锅炉上使用。 美国ASME 规范第II 卷材料A 篇(铁基材料) 中, 有关锅炉和压力容器用钢板标准共约44 个,虽然在标准名称上都称作“压力容器用钢板”,但在每一个标准中的第一部分“适用范围”中,对本标准适用于锅炉还是压力容器,都做了明确的规定。所以适用于锅炉用钢板的标准大约有9 个,按体系也可以分为两层, 即通用标准1 个SA-20ΠSA-20M 压力容器用钢板通用要求和产品标准8 个SA-202ΠSA -202M 压力容器用铬锰硅合金钢板、SA-204ΠSA -204M 压力容器用钼合金钢板、SA-299ΠSA -299M 压力容器用碳锰硅钢板、SA-302ΠSA -302M 压力容器用锰钼和锰钼镍合金钢板、SA-387ΠSA -387M 压力容器用铬钼合金钢板、SA-515ΠSA -515M 中高温压力容器用碳钢板、SA-516ΠSA -516M 常低温压力容器用碳钢板、SA -1017ΠSA -1017M 压力容器用铬钼钨合金钢板。另外所有ASME 材料的物理性能、使用温度和许用应力等数据,都集中放在ASME 规范第II 卷D 篇材料性能当中,使用和查找十分便利。 通过对比ASME 锅炉钢板标准及体系可以看出, 我国锅炉钢板产品标准GB713 锅炉用钢板中,将不同品种和不同使用要求的锅炉钢板,以及锅炉钢板的一般性能和高温特殊性能等都放在一起表述,篇幅烦琐,对锅炉钢板的性能要求体现不够。ASME 锅炉钢板标准的制订是按材料加以区分的,每一类材料制订 　第4 期　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　中美锅炉钢板标准的对比及发展 一个标准。标准内容除了规定了这一类材料的基本性能外,对具体用途和注意事项,以及协议条款等,在标准中都有非常详细的规定,充分体现了对锅炉钢板的性能要求,技术性突出,贸易性明显。标准体系和内容非常清晰,让人一目了然。用户在选择和使用上也很方便。 因此,现阶段我国的锅炉钢板标准及体系应加大力度重新予以制修订,以适应先进的超临界锅炉技术的发展对锅炉钢板的要求。 3 　锅炉钢板标准发展探讨 上世纪80～90 年代,我国电力制造行业成功地引进了亚临界参数锅炉技术。为适应亚临界压力以下锅炉对锅炉钢板的要求,由鞍山钢铁集团公司、冶金工业信息标准研究院等单位,对GB713 -86 锅炉用碳素钢和低合金钢钢板进行了重新修订。新修订并一直沿用至今的锅炉钢板标准为GB713 -1997 锅炉用钢板。在这个版本中,除了20g 和16Mng , 新增加了用于制造锅筒的19Mng (等同于德国标准19Mn6) 、22Mng (等同于美国标准SA299) 、13MnNiCrMoNbg (等同于德国标准BHW355) 等三个牌号,以及用于高温集箱端盖及支吊架等部件的15CrMog 、12Cr1MoVg 两个耐热钢牌号,其他内容也做了一定的修改。新修订的GB713 -1997 锅炉用钢板,不仅基本上满足了亚临界压力以下锅炉锅筒、集箱端盖及其支吊件的要求, 为我国电力事业的发展做出了突出贡献,而且还带动了我国钢铁行业的技术进步和产品质量的提高。 进入本世纪以来,随着世界上超临界参数火电机组的发展,我国也开始引进并大量设计制造超临界参数火电机组。超临界火电机组锅炉大多采用直流循环,螺旋炉膛,用汽水分离器替代了锅筒汽包,锅炉中集箱的温度和压力更高,更多的使用一些新型的、性能优异的耐热合金钢。由于对锅炉钢板的性能提出了新的要求,因此一直沿用的GB713 -1997 锅炉用钢板标准,其中的一些内容和技术指标,无论是与国外先进水平标准相比,还是与锅炉行业发展的相关要求相比,均存在着一定的差距,主要体现在下述几个方面:  3. 1 　标准水平 锅炉钢板产品标准GB713 -1997 锅炉用钢板,采用国际先进标准力度远远不够,标准水平只达到了国际一般水平。由于锅炉钢板标准属于重要用途的产品标准,安全可靠性要求严格,制造技术难度高,而且产量比较大。随着我国钢铁行业的生产技术和产品质量的不断提高,锅炉钢板标准应继续采用国际先进标准,加强采标力度,不断提高标准水平。 由于我国锅炉钢板产品标准只有一个,因此可以按照ASME 规范第II 卷D 篇材料性能的模式,制订一份有关我国锅炉钢板材料力学性能和物理性能的通用标准,也可以将这些材料性能完全放在产品标准GB713 中,包括锅炉设计选材时必须用到的高温规定非比例延伸强度(Rp0. 2) 、高温持久强度等力学性能, 以及常用的热膨胀系数、弹性模量等物理性能。另外如有可能,还可参照ASME 的方法,按不同材料、用途和性能,将锅炉用钢板标准细分成若干个标准(如专用碳素钢板、低合金耐热钢板等),以适应用户的需要和应用。 3. 2 　外形尺寸 由于我国钢铁行业技术和装备水平的制约,锅炉用的宽厚钢板还几乎无法生产。GB713 仅适用于厚度6～150mm 的范围,而亚临界锅炉锅筒用的钢板厚度一般都在160～210mm 之间,只能依靠进口解决。我们只有提高那些重要用途、技术含量高的产品标准的水平,才有利于带动整个钢铁工业技术进步和产品质量提高,才能最终实现国产化,摆脱进口的束缚。 近年来,钢铁行业在国家良好的经济发展形式下,正大幅度的提高整体技术和装备水平。“十五”规划建设的宝钢5 000mm 宽厚板轧机工程项目,建成投产后其生产的锅炉钢板厚度可达到5～400mm 。作为我国第一套现代化的特宽幅宽厚板轧机,它的建设将带动我国宽厚板生产技术的跳跃式发展,对提升我国宽厚板产品档次,增强我国的综合国力,将发挥积极作用。我们应抓住国内钢铁技术和锅炉制造技术取得突破性进步这个机会,将新技术和新要求纳入锅炉钢板标准,并向国际先进水平标准靠拢,提高我国锅炉钢板标准的技术水平。 3. 3 　材料牌号 材料标准和技术条件是材料应用的载体。随着火电机组参数的提高,锅炉制造水平不断进步,ASME 会随着每三年一次修订和每年的增补, 根据建造ASME 规范产品的需要和冶金技术的发展,适当地在原有钢种基础上新纳入和增加代表当今世界最新材料技术水平的新型材料。例如,为适应超临界锅炉集箱封头端盖和支吊架等部件对耐热钢板的要求,最新的2004 版ASME 规范第II 卷材料A 篇中,新制订了SA -1017ΠSA -1017M 压力容器用铬-钼-钨合金钢板标准。我国锅炉用钢板标准在新型材料的纳标上炉钢板材料几乎没有纳入。显得滞后,往往跟不上锅炉制造技术的发展,现行的GB713 -1997 锅炉用钢板与ASME 锅炉钢板标GB713 -1997 锅炉用钢板已经使用了8 年之久,材料准中材料牌号之间的对比,见表1 所示。品种偏少,供用户选择的余地小,特别是高温用的锅 表1 　GB713 与ASME 锅炉钢板材料牌号对比 品种 材料 GB713   标准 材料 ASME   标准  碳锰钢 -16Mng   GB713 -1997 锅炉用钢板 SA516 -55 SA516 -60   SA -516ΠSA -516M 常低温压力容器用碳钢板  - SA516 -65   19Mng   SA516 -70   20g - SA515 -60 SA515 -65   SA -515ΠSA -515M 中高温压力容器用碳钢板  22Mng   SA515 -70   锰铬锰钼钢 22Mng ---13MnNiMoNbg   SA -299 SA -202 GrA 、GrB SA -204 GrA 、GrB 、GrC SA -302 GrA 、GrB 、GrC 、GrD   SA -299ΠSA -299M 压力容器用碳锰硅钢板SA -202ΠSA -202M 压力容器用铬锰硅合金钢板SA -204ΠSA -204M 压力容器用钼合金钢板SA -302ΠSA -302M 压力容器用锰钼和锰钼镍合金钢板等同于德国标准BHW355 　　　　　　　　　  铬钼钢 -15CrMog   SA -387Gr2 SA -387Gr12   SA -387ΠSA -387M 压力容器用铬钼合金钢板  SA -387Gr11   - SA -387Gr22 、22L   - SA -387Gr21 、21L   - SA -387Gr5   - SA -387Gr9   - SA -387Gr91   - SA -387Gr911   12Cr1MoVg   -  -- SA -1017Gr23 SA -1017Gr911   SA -1017ΠSA -1017M 压力容器用铬钼钨合金钢板  - SA -1017Gr122   通过表1 对比可以看出,用于室温及中温(蠕变温度以下) 的碳锰系列锅炉钢板, GB713 共收纳了5 个牌号,可以满足亚临界以下火电机组锅炉中汽包锅筒、水冷壁集箱端盖、以及低温过热器和省煤器集箱端盖、支吊架等零部件的需要。对于ASME 中的锰铬、锰钼等系列标准中的钢板牌号,我国火电机组锅炉基本不使用,因此不需要纳入我国锅炉钢板标准。用于高温( 蠕变温度以上) 的铬钼系列锅炉钢板, GB713 -1997 中牌号只有2 个。其中15CrMog 最高使用温度为550 ℃,12Cr1MoVg 最高使用温度为565 ℃。而超临界火电机组锅炉中的高温过热器和再热器集箱等部件的金属壁温已经达到600 ℃以上,15CrMog 和12Cr1MoVg 已经达不到要求,因此应将ASME 标准中那些可以使用在600 ℃及以上的材料SA -387Gr22Π 22L 、SA -387Gr91 、SA -387Gr911 、SA -1017Gr122 等, 纳入我国的锅炉用钢板标准,以适应超临界火电机组锅炉技术的发展,提升我国冶金和机电产品的整体水平。 3. 4 　技术要求GB713 -1997 规定的技术要求,与ASME 锅炉钢板标准中规定的技术要求对比,见表2 。 从表2 中可以看出,ASME 锅炉钢板标准中的技术要求,除了化学成分和基本的力学性能必须保证外,其余大多是供不同的用户在不同的使用中,对钢板的技术要求做出不同选择的协议项目。ASME 充分体现了以市场为导向,以用户需求为目标的世界先 　第4 期　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　中美锅炉钢板标准的对比及发展 进标准的指导思想。而我国的锅炉用钢板标准显得微量元素、冶炼、锻造、热处理、金相组织等各种因素计划经济体制痕迹较重,起草和制修订标准时,对标的变化而变化的,它是一个帮助分析、判断材料的工准所使用的行业特点没有清楚的反映出来,对用户真艺和质量水平的有效方法。另外,当锅炉运行一段时正需要的技术要求和保证条款调查和重视不够,没有间后,通过材料的冷脆转变温度的变化情况,还可以达到生产型标准向贸易型标准转变的功效。帮助预测锅炉的运行寿命。因此在GB713 当中,应 根据表2 的对比分析发现,ASME 钢板标准都将将落锤试验或系列冲击试验,以及铬钼钢的硬度试验落锤试验作为钢板技术要求中的协议项目,这是因为等作为协议条款给出,方便用户在不同的使用条件下锅炉钢板冷脆转变温度的高低是随材料的化学成分、进行选择。 表2 　GB713 与ASME 锅炉钢板技术要求对比 技术指标 GB713   SA202   SA204   SA299   SA302   SA387   SA515   SA516   SA1017   化学成分 √   √   √   √   √   √   √   √   √   交货状态 Δ   Δ   √〔注2〕 √〔注3〕 √〔注3〕 √   √〔注3〕 √〔注2〕 √   常温拉伸 √   √   √   √   √   √   √   √   √   常温冲击 √   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   时效冲击 √〔注1〕 Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   冷弯试验 √   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   表面质量 √   √   √   √   √   √   √   √   √   无损探伤 Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   厚度方向拉伸 Δ   N   N   N   N   N   N   N   N   高温拉伸 Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   落锤试验 N   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   磁粉检验 N   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   Δ   奥氏体晶粒度 N   N   N   N   N   √〔注4〕 Δ   N   N   硬度 N   N   N   N   N   N   N   N   √   〔注1〕:仅对20g 和16Mng 有要求。〔注2〕:厚度大于40mm 的钢板必须正火处理。〔注3〕:厚度大于50mm 的钢板必须正火处理。 〔注4〕:仅对Gr2 钢板有要求。√:规定或必检项目;Δ:协议项目;N: 没有规定 4 　结束语 材料是火电机组锅炉建造的基础和技术核心之一。美国ASME 规范把材料及其标准列为第二卷,作为整个规范的一个重要组成部分。ASME 钢材标准不仅是钢材生产部门的质量标准,而且是钢材使用单位(设计、制造、检验) 在选用、采购、验收、检验、加工时的依据。ASME 钢材标准是在市场经济模式下,由供需双方共同编制,且以反映钢材使用者的要求为主的标准。ASME 锅炉钢板标准看似十分繁多,但仔细分析却又体系明确、联系紧密、互相呼应、配套性强, 是锅炉建造中不可缺少的一部分。 相对比较而言,我国锅炉钢板仅有GB713 一个标准,其中的材料品种、牌号、等级等,都远远少于ASME 规范,使用上受到很大局限性。另外,我国过去是在计划经济体制下,主要以供方为主编制钢材质量标准,没有更全面地反映钢材使用者的要求和反映锅炉建造的要求,因此锅炉钢板标准在许多方面还不能满足用户需求。 中国锅炉制造行业和冶金行业需要共同努力,深入分析、理解ASME 规范等世界先进标准,找出我国锅炉钢板标准的不足,明确发展方向。今后应继续加大采用国际标准和国外先进标准的力度,积极促进ASME 规范中国化和ASME 钢材国产化,制修订出适合我国火电机组锅炉技术发展的先进的锅炉钢板标准,提升我国锅炉制造行业和冶金行业的整体水平, 更好的为经济建设服务。

船用钢板指按船级社建造规范要求生产的用于制造船体结构的热轧钢板材。  　　由于船舶工作环境恶劣，船体壳要受海水的化学腐蚀、电化学腐蚀和海生物、微生物的腐蚀；船体承受较大的风浪冲击和交变负荷；船舶形状使其加工方法复杂等因素、所以对船体结构用钢要求严格。首先良好的韧性是最关键的要求，此外，要求有较高的强度，良好的耐腐蚀性能、焊接性能，加工成型性能以及表面质量。为保质量和保证有足够的韧性，要求化学成分的Mn/C在2.5以上，对碳当量也有严格要求，并由船检部门认可的钢厂生产。船体用结构钢按照其最小屈服点划分强度级别为：一般强度结构钢和高强度结构钢。船体用结构钢分一般厚度和高强度钢两种，一般强度钢按质量分A、B、C和D四个等级；高强度钢又分两个强度级别和三个质量等级；AH32、DH32、EH32、AH36、DH36、EH36。  　　中国船级社规范标准的一般强度结构钢分为：A、B、D、E四个质量等级（即CCSA、CCSB、CCSC、CCSD）；中国船级社规范标准的高强度结构钢为三个强度级别、四个质量等级。  　　主要船级社规范有： 船用钢板　　中国 CCS  　　美国 ABS  　　德国 GL  　　法国 BV  　　挪威 DNV  　　日本 KDK  　　英国 LR  　　船体用结构钢的化学成分  　　钢  　　类 等级 化学成份（质量分数）（%）  　　C Mn si P S Al Nb V  　　一般  　　强度  　　钢 A ≤O.22 ≥2.5C O.10～0.35 ≤O.04 ≤0.04  　　B ≤O.21 O.60～1.00  　　D ≤O.21 0.60～1.00 ≥O.015  　　E ≤O.18 O.70～1.20 ≥0.015  　　高  　　强  　　度  　　钢 AH32 ≤O.18 O.70～1.60 0.10～O.50 ≤O.04 ≤0.04 ≥O.015  　　DH32 O.90～1.60  　　EH32 O.90～1.60  　　AH36 0.70～1.60 O.015～O.050 O.03O～O.10  　　DHB6 0.90～1.60  　　EH36 O.90～1.60  　　船体用结构钢的交货状态  　　钢材等级 厚度／mm 交货状态  　　A 6---40  　　热轧、控轧或正火  　　B 热轧、控轧或正火  　　D 6---32 热轧、控轧或正火  　　正火①②  　　E 6---32 钢板：正火；型钢；正火或控轧  　　AH32  　　AH36 6---32  　　>25--32 热轧、正火或控轧  　　正火①②  　　DH32  　　DH36 6---25  　　>20---32 正火或控轧②  　　正火①②  　　EH32  　　EH36 6---40 正火②  　　船体用结构钢的力学性能  　　钢材  　　等级  　　厚度  　　／mm  　　屈服点 ós  　　／MPa 抗拉  　　强度  　　ób／MPa 伸长率δ5  　　(％) v型冲击试验 冷弯试验  　　温度  　　／℃ 平均冲击吸收功  　　AKv／J 窄冷弯  　　b=2a  　　180℃ 宽冷弯  　　b=5a  　　120°  　　纵向 横向  　　≥ ≥ ≥  　　A ≤50 235 400～490 22 d=2a  　　B 0 27 20  　　d=3a  　　D —10 27 20  　　E 一40 27 20  　　AH32 ≤50 315 440～590 22 O 3l 22  　　d=3a  　　DH32 —20 31 22  　　EH32 —40 31 22  　　AH36 ≤50 355 490～620 21 O 34 24  　　d=3a  　　DH36 —20 34 24  　　EH36 —40 34 24  一般强度船体结构用钢分为A、B、C、D4个等级，这4个等级的钢材的屈服强度（不小于235N/mm^2）和抗拉强度（400～520N/mm^2）一样，只是不同温度下的冲击功不一样而已； 高强度船体结构用钢按其最小屈服强度划分强度等级，每一强度等级又按其冲击韧性的不同分为A、D、E、F4级。 A32、D32、E32、F32的屈服强度不小于315N/mm^2，抗拉强度440～570N/mm^2，A、D、E、F分别表示其各自可分别在0°、-20°、-40°、-60°的情况下所能达到的冲击韧性； A36、D36、E36、F36的屈服强度不小于355N/mm^2，抗拉强度490～620N/mm^2，A、D、E、F分别表示其各自可分别在0°、-20°、-40°、-60°的情况下所能达到的冲击韧性； A40、D40、E40、F40的屈服强度不小于390N/mm^2，抗拉强度510～660N/mm^2，A、D、E、F分别表示其各自可分别在0°、-20°、-40°、-60°的情况下所能达到的冲击韧性。 还有， 焊接结构用高强度淬火回火钢：A420、D420、E420、F420；A460、D460、E460、F460；A500、D500、E500、F500；A550、D550、E550、F550；A620、D620、E620、F620；A690、D690、E690、F690； 锅炉与受压容器用钢：360A、360B；410A、410B；460A、460B；490A、490B；1Cr0.5Mo、2.25Cr1Mo 机械结构用钢：一般可选用上述钢材； 低温韧性钢：0.5NiA、0.5NiB、1.5Ni、3.5Ni、5Ni、9Ni； 奥氏体不锈钢：00Cr18Ni10、00Cr18Ni10N、00Cr17Ni14Mo2、00Cr17Ni13Mo2N、00Cr19Ni13Mo3、00Cr19Ni13Mo3N、0Cr18Ni11Nb； 双相不锈钢：00Cr22Ni5Mo3N、00Cr25Ni6Mo3Cu、00Cr25Ni7Mo4N3。 复合钢板：适用于化学制品运输船的容器和液货舱； Z向钢：是在某一等级结构钢（称为母级钢）的基础上，经过特殊处理（如钙处理、真空脱气、氩气搅拌等）和适当热处理的钢材。 a

steel sheets and plates for shipbuilding造船钢板 　　造船钢板是指用造船专用结构钢生产的，用于制造远洋、沿海和内河航行的船舶的船体结构的薄钢板和厚钢板。 　　造船用结构钢包括碳素钢和低合金钢，钢号的末尾标有C（船）。 　　碳钢素有2C、3C、4C和5C，低合金钢有12MnC、16MnC、15MnTiC、14MnVTiReC等钢种。厚度为2.5~50毫米。 CCSA中国船级社认证A板，CCSB中国船级社认证B板差100块以内。  造船钢板的规格和材质 商标可分为，国标，日标，美标，德标等  根据造船钢板材质可分为一般船板和高强度船板  一般船板有A，B，C，D，E级，高强度船板可分为AH32/36 ，EH32/36，DH32/36 。

薄钢板（也叫黑铁皮）  　　薄钢板—指厚度小于或等于4mm的钢板，包括普通薄钢板（如普通碳素钢、花纹钢及酸洗薄钢板）、优质薄钢板（碳素结构钢、合金结构钢、工具钢等薄钢板（如镀锌、镀锡及镀铅等薄钢板）。 薄钢板理论重量：薄钢板厚度（mm）理论重量（kg/m2）厚度（mm）理论重量（kg/m2）厚度（mm）理论重量（kg/m2）0.201.570.755.891.814.130.251.960.806.282.015.700.302.360.907.072.217.270.352.751.007.852.519.360.403.141.18.642.821.980.453.531.29.423.023.550.503.931.310.213.225.120.554.321.410.993.527.480.604.711.511.783.829.830.655.101.612.563.930.620.705.501.713.354.031.40     薄钢板是符合厚度等于或小于4mm的各种热轧和冷轧的钢板。有许多品种：热轧普通薄钢板、冷轧普同薄钢板、热轧优质薄钢板、冷轧优质薄钢板以及电镀、镀锌、涂层、复合等薄钢板。虽然品种多，材质也不同，但其尺寸、外形、重量计算方法大同小异，计算公式：  W（kg/m2）=0.00785*宽*厚

它是热轧钢板、镀锌钢板上涂0.4-0.5mm的软质或半硬质聚氯乙烯塑料薄膜制成，具有耐热、耐腐蚀性能，可做墙板。 　　彩色涂层钢板简述: 　　在钢板上涂上有机涂料，涂料可以有各种不同的颜色，彩色涂层钢板由此而得名，简称彩板，也称有机涂层钢板。由于彩色涂层钢板是在钢板加工成型前先涂上涂料，在国外也称为预涂层钢板。彩涂板有机涂层起了覆盖隔离作用，可防止钢板生锈，使用寿命更长。 　　彩涂板的基板有冷轧基板、热镀锌基板、电镀锌基板、热镀铝锌基板。　　彩涂板的面漆涂层种类可以分为：聚酯、硅改性聚酯、偏聚氟乙烯、高耐久性聚酯等。　　生产工艺从一涂一烘发展到二涂二烘，也出现三涂三烘的工艺。　　彩涂板的表面状态可以分为正常涂层板、压花板、印花板等。 　　彩涂板主要用途分为建筑、家电和交通运输等。由于彩涂板不仅色彩鲜艳，还具有优良的成型性和耐久性，使用寿命长等优点，还大量节省客户的清洗脱脂和油漆作业的设备成本和人工。因此，彩色涂层钢板已广泛应用在我国的建筑业（大型工业厂房、大型仓库、简易活动室、室内装饰板、机场建筑物、现代化大型飞机库、大型体育馆等）预热隔热夹芯板、大型冷藏库、彩涂钢板制门窗、卷帘门及钢制家具。在家电行业中用于冰柜、洗衣机。电子工业应用在仪表开关箱外壳、录音机机芯等。其它如候车厅，售票亭，办公室隔墙等，应用正不断扩大。　　PCM彩板即连续辊涂彩色钢板，其色彩鲜艳，不仅具有良好的成型加工性、漆膜耐腐蚀性和柔韧性，又具有良好的经济效益，满足社会经济、环保发展的要求。根据ECCA（欧洲卷涂协会）数据统计，PCM彩板在生产效率、周转储存、环保效应、外观效果方面均优于传统的喷粉板材，其综合成本仅相当于喷粉板材的90%左右，因此，在欧美地区家电外装饰材料几乎都采用该类彩板；目前在国内，以海尔集团为代表，喷粉板材正逐渐被彩板所取代。　　在传统PCM彩板的基础上，海尔彩板公司通过整合全球资源，研制开发出导电PCM彩板及辊涂工艺的砂面PCM彩板，成为国内唯一的砂面PCM彩板的生产基地。产品不仅符合欧盟的ROHS环保标准，且经国家科委、经贸委鉴定，产品性能品质均已达到国际领先水平。　　彩色予涂钢板PCM,将传统的喷涂涂装变成钢板的连续涂布，便于表面处理及涂布质量的控制，又不存在涂装易产生的棱边死角等缺陷；而且采用无铬处理液进行辊涂式化学处理后直接干燥，无传统浸涂式化学处理对环境的污染和破坏，满足环保要求。 　　产品特点： 　　彩色予涂钢板PCM板材色彩鲜艳，既具有钢板的强度和良好的成型加工性，又能够满足高速、精密加工设备的要求。而PCM得以高速发展的主要原因，其具有良好的经济效益同时也能满足社会经济、环保发展的要求。　　在连续机组上以冷轧带钢，镀锌带钢（电镀锌和热镀锌）为基板，经过表面预处理（脱脂和学处理），用辊涂的方法，涂上一层或多层液态涂料，化经过烘烤和冷却所得的板材即为涂层钢板。由于涂层可以有各种不同的颜色，习惯上把涂层钢板叫做彩色涂层钢板。又由于涂层是在钢板成型加工之前进行的，在国外这叫做预涂层钢板. 　　工艺流程 　　彩色涂层钢板是以冷轧钢板和镀锌钢板为基板，经过表面预处理（脱脂、清洗、化学转化处理），以连续的方法涂上涂料（辊涂法），经过烘烤和冷却而制成的产品。 　　常见的二涂二烘型连续彩色涂层机组工艺流程主要生产工序为：开卷→预处理→涂敷→烘烤→后处理→卷取。 　　产品用途： 　　涂层钢板具有轻质、美观和良好的防腐蚀性能，又可直接加工，它给建筑业、造船业、车辆制造业、家具行业、电气行业等提供了一种新型原材料，起到了以钢代木、高效施工、节约能源、防止污染等良好效果。使用镀锌钢板为基板的彩色涂层钢板，除有锌保护外，锌层上的有机涂层起了覆盖隔离作用，可防止钢板生锈，使用寿命比镀锌钢板更长，据介绍涂层钢板的使用寿命比镀锌钢板长50%。 　　但是，在不同的地区和不同的使用部位，采用相同镀锌量、同种涂料、相同涂层厚度的彩色涂层板，其使用寿命会有很大的不同。例如，在工业区或沿海地区，由于受到空气中二氧化硫气体或盐分的作用，腐蚀速度加快，使用寿命受到影响。 　　在雨季，涂层长期受雨水浸湿、或者在日夜温差太大易结露的部位，都会较快地受到腐蚀，使用寿命均会降低。 　　用彩色涂层钢板制造的建筑物或厂房，经常受到雨水冲洗时使用寿命较长，否则，由于受二氧化硫气体、盐和灰尘的作用而影响使用。因此，在设计时，若屋顶的倾斜度越大，则越不容易积聚灰尘等污物，使用寿命越长；对于那些不受雨水经常冲洗的区域或部位，应定期用水冲洗。　　彩涂钢板分类 　　彩色涂层钢板产品可以采用冷轧基板、热镀锌基板和电镀锌基板。 　　按基板分类的彩色涂层钢板种类如下： 　　彩 色 涂 层 钢 板 　　冷轧基板彩色涂层钢板 　　热镀锌彩色涂层钢板 　　热镀铝锌彩色涂层钢板 镀5%铝锌彩色涂层钢板 　　镀55%铝锌彩色涂层钢板 　　电镀锌彩色涂层钢板 　　其它 印花彩板 　　金属压花彩板 　　■冷轧基板彩色涂层钢板 　　由冷轧基板生产的彩色板，具有平滑美丽的外观，且具有冷轧板的加工性能；但是表面涂层的任何细小划伤都会把冷轧基板暴露在空气中，从而使露铁处很快生成红锈。因此这类产品只能用于要求不高的临时隔离措施和作室内用材。 　　■热镀锌彩色涂层钢板 　　把有机涂料涂复在热镀锌钢板上得到的产品即为热镀锌彩涂板。热镀锌彩涂板除具有锌的保护作用外，表面上的有机涂层还起了隔绝保护、防止生锈的作用，使用寿命比热镀锌板更长。热镀锌基板的含锌量一般为180g/m2（双面），建筑外用热 　　镀锌基板的镀锌量最高为275g/m2。 　　■热镀铝锌彩涂板 　　根据要求，也可以采用热镀铝锌钢板作为彩涂基板（55%AI-Zn和5%AI-Zn）。 　　■电镀锌彩涂板 　　用电镀锌板为基板，涂上有机涂料烘烤所得的产品为电镀锌彩涂板，由于电镀锌板的锌层薄，通常含锌量为20/20g/m2，因此该产品不适合使用在室外制作墙、屋顶等。但因具有美丽的外观和优良的加工性能，因此主要可用于家电、音响、钢家具、室内装潢等。 　　■涂料 　　涂料是一种流动状态或粉末状态的有机物，涂敷于底材上能干燥固化形成一层薄膜，均匀地覆盖和良好地附着。其主要性能为防护性（如耐潮湿性、耐水性、耐候性、耐化学性等）和装饰性（具有各种不同的颜色和光泽）。 　　■涂料的组成及其作用 　　各种不同的涂料，都有四个部分组成，即（1）树脂（2）颜料（3）溶剂（4）助剂。其中溶剂是挥发分，其作三个部分基本是不挥发分。 　　（1）树脂 　　树脂即成膜物质，是涂料中的最主要成分和基础，也称基料，它是决定涂膜性质的主要因素。要求作为成膜物质的树脂在 　　涂料储存期内相当稳定，不发生明显的物理变化和化学变化；在成膜时，在规定的条件下，能迅速固化成膜。 　　树脂种类繁多，在卷材涂料中常用的树脂有酸树脂、环氧树脂、聚酯树脂和聚基酯树脂等。不同的树`脂，其物理性能和化学性能、以及耐候性、耐蚀性等是不一样的。 　　（2）颜料 　　颜料须与树脂配合使用，在涂料中的主要作用是使涂膜着色，颜料比例不同会影响涂膜硬度、光泽度以及耐蚀性等。 　　（3）溶剂 　　溶剂是液态涂料的重要组成部分，在涂料烘干过程中是能挥发的成分。一般也用溶剂调节涂料粘度，这种用于调节涂料粘度的溶剂称为稀释剂。溶剂对涂料的制造、贮存、涂敷、漆膜的形成和成膜质量有着很大的影响。 　　（4）助剂 　　助剂是为改善涂料性能而加入的少量添加剂。助剂在涂料中用量极少，作用却显著，如有的能改进涂料和涂膜的性能，有的能改善烘干时间、有的能防止涂膜产生病态等。助剂种类繁多，有催干剂、固化剂、流平剂、消泡剂、消光剂，稳定剂等。 　　几乎绝大部分液态涂料都由上述四个成分中的某些原料组成，其中最主要的是树脂，这是任何涂料都少不了的。可以说树脂（有时加溶剂和助剂）就是透明漆，再加入颜料就可成各种色漆。 　　彩色涂层钢板用涂料一般根据用途分为两大类：即建筑用和家电用。建筑用涂料根据使用环境的不同，在环氧树脂、聚酯树脂、聚氯乙烯塑料溶胶、硅改性聚酯和聚偏氟乙烯中选择。家电用涂料一般彩聚酯树脂。 一、什么叫做彩色涂层钢板 现代的彩色涂层钢板是在连续机组上以冷轧带钢、镀锌钢带(电镀锌和热镀锌)和热镀锌一铝合金钢带等为基板，经过表面预处理(脱脂和化学处理)，用辊涂或覆膜等方法，涂覆上一层或多层有机涂层，经过烘烤和冷却所得到的涂装产品即为涂层钢板。由于涂层可以有各种不同的颜色，因此，又称之为“彩色涂层钢板”。又由于涂层是在钢板成型加工之前进行的，在国外亦称之为“预涂层钢板”或‘卷涂”。 二、彩色涂层钢板是由哪几部分构成的 彩色涂层钢板的构成，大体上可分为基材、镀层、化学转化膜和有机涂层4大部分。 三、彩色涂层钢板的涂料品种有哪几大类 按彩色涂层钢板的涂料形态分类，则有液体涂料、粉末涂料、塑料薄膜三大类。 四、用于生产彩色涂层钢板的基材主要有哪几种 按基板分类的彩色涂层钢板的种类，主要有以下四大类别：(1)冷轧基板彩色涂层钢板。(2)热镀锌彩色涂层钢板。(3)热镀铝锌彩色涂层钢板。(4)电镀锌彩色涂层钢板。 五、在剪切彩色涂层钢板时，应注意哪些问题? 彩色涂层钢板根据用途要进行剪切、弯曲、成型等各种加工。由于钢板表面有锌层和有机涂层，加工时有许多与普通冷轧钢板不同的地方，须特别注意，以防加工时涂膜受损。影响剪切的因素包括：(1)材料的力学性能；(2)刀具的形状及间隙；(3)工具面的摩擦及润滑；(4)加工速度和温度等。在剪切彩色涂层钢板时应特别注意以下事项：(1)应尽量使切断面的毛边短小，以防彩色涂层钢板在剪切堆垛时相互划伤；(2)及时清除剪断时产生的切屑和金属粉，否则会损伤钢板表面，成为擦伤或腐蚀生锈的根源；(3)彩色涂层钢带剪切时，与彩色接触的辊子应为胶辊或其他材料，与彩色钢板接触的台面应铺上橡皮垫并保持清洁，防止彩板涂膜损伤。

耐磨钢板以及耐磨钢板的特点耐磨钢板的性能特点:1.很高的耐磨性能： strongplate耐磨钢板耐磨层厚度3-12㎜，耐磨层硬度可以达到HRC58-62，耐磨性能是普通钢板的15-20倍以上，是低合金钢板性能5-10倍以上，是高铬铸铁耐磨性能2-5倍以上，耐磨性远远高于喷焊和热喷涂等方法。  2.较好的冲击性能： Strongplate耐磨钢板是双层金属结构，耐磨层和基材之间是冶金结合，结合强度高，可在受冲击的过程中吸收能量，耐磨层不会脱落，可以应用到振动、冲击较强的工况条件下，这一点是铸造耐磨材料和陶瓷材料所不及的。3.很好的耐温性能： Strongplate耐磨钢板合金碳化物在高温下有很强的稳定性能，耐磨钢板可以在500℃内使用，其他特殊要求温度可以定制生产，能够满足1200℃以内条件下使用；陶瓷、聚脂、高分子材料等采取粘贴方式耐磨材料无法满足如此高温要求。4.很好的连接性能： Strongplate耐磨钢板基材是普通Q235钢板，保证耐磨钢板具有韧性和塑性，提供抵抗外力的强度，可以采取焊接、塞焊、螺栓连接等多种方式和其他结构进行联系，连接牢固，不容易脱落，连接方式多于其他材料；5.很好的选择性能： Strongplate耐磨钢板选择不同厚度基材，堆焊不同层数和厚度的合金耐磨层，可以得到不同厚度和不同用途的钢板，最大厚度可达到30㎜以上；6.很好的加工性能： Strongplate耐磨钢板能够按要求加工成不同规格尺寸，可以进行加工、冷弯成型、焊接、弯曲等，方便使用；可以现场拼焊成型，使维修更换工作变得省时、方便，大大降低工作强度。7.很好的性价格比： Strongplate耐磨钢板价格较普通材料有所提高，但考虑到产品使用寿命，综合考虑维修费用、备件费用和停机损失，其性能价格比远高于普通钢板和其他材料　　双金属复层耐磨钢板是专供大面积磨损工况使用的板材产品，是在韧性、塑性很好的普通低碳钢或者低合金钢表面通过堆焊方法复合一定厚度的硬度较高、耐磨性优良的耐磨层而制成的板材产品。 　　双金属复合耐磨钢板由低碳钢板和合金耐磨层两部分组成，抗磨层一般占总厚度的1/3－1/2。工作时由基体提供抵抗外力的强度、韧性和塑性等综合性能，由耐磨层提供满足指定工况需求的耐磨性能。 　　耐磨钢板合金耐磨层和基体之间是冶金结合。通过专用设备，采用自动焊接工艺，将高硬度自保护合金焊丝均匀地焊接在基材上，复合层数一层至两层以至多层，复合过程中由于合金收缩比不同，出现均匀横向裂纹，这是耐磨钢板的显著特点。 　　耐磨层主要以铬合金为主，同时还添加锰、钼、铌、镍等其它合金成份，金相组织中碳化物呈纤维状分布，纤维方向与表面垂直。碳化物显微硬度可以达到HV1700-2000以上，表面硬度可达到HRc58-62。合金碳化物在高温下有很强的稳定性，保持较高的硬度，同时还具有很好的抗氧化性能，在500℃以内完全正常使用。 　　耐磨钢板具有很高耐磨性能和较好冲击性能好，能够进行切割、弯曲、焊接等，可采取焊接、塞焊、螺栓连接等方式与其他结构进行连接，在维修现场过程中具有省时、方便等特点，广泛应用于冶金、煤炭、水泥、电力、玻璃、矿山、建材、砖瓦等行业，与其他材料相比，有很高的性价比，已经受到越来越多行业和厂家的青睐 　　技术参数　　　硬度，HRC　　　耐磨层厚度≤4mm：HRC54-58； 　　耐磨层厚度＞4mm：HRC56-62　　　外观参数　　　平整度：5mm／M　　　性能描述　　　1、高耐磨性 　　合金层的化学成分中碳含量达4～5％，铬含量高达25～30％，其金相组织中Cr7C3碳化物的体积分数达到50％以上，宏观硬度为HRC56～62，碳化铬的硬度为HV1400～1800。由于碳化物成于磨损方向相垂直分布，即使与同成分和硬度的铸造合金相比较，耐磨性能提高一倍以上。与几种典型的材料耐磨性对比如下：　　　（1）与低碳钢；20～25：1 　　（2）与铸态高铬铸铁；1.5～2.5：1 　　2、良好的耐冲击性： 　　耐磨复合钢板的底层为低碳钢或低合金。不锈钢等韧性材料，体现双金属的优越性，耐磨层抵抗磨损介质的磨损，基板承受介质的载荷，因此有良好的耐冲击性。可以承受物料输送系统中承受高落差料斗等冲击和磨损。 　　3、较好的耐热性： 　　耐磨层推荐使用在≤600℃工况下使用，若在合金层中加入钒，钼等合金，可以承受≤800℃的高温磨损。　　　推荐使用温度如下： 　　普通碳钢基板推荐不高于380℃工况使用； 　　低合金耐热钢板（15CrMo，12Cr1MOV等）基板推荐不高于540℃工况使用； 　　耐热不锈钢基板推荐在不高于800　℃工况使用。 　　4、好的耐腐蚀性 　　耐磨复合钢板的合金层中含有高百分比的金属铬，故具有一定防锈和耐腐蚀能力。用于落煤筒和漏斗等场合可以做到防止粘煤。 　　5、品种规格齐全 　　耐磨复合钢板规格全，品种多，已成商品系列化。耐磨合金层的厚度在3～20mm。复合钢板的厚度最薄为6mm，厚度不限。目前，标准耐磨复合钢板可提供1200或1450×2000mm，也可根据用户需求，按图纸尺寸定做加工。耐磨复合钢板现分为普通型、耐冲击型和高温型三种，定购高温耐磨和耐冲击型复合钢板要说明。 　　6、方便的加工性能 　　耐磨复合钢板可以切割，弯曲或卷曲、焊接和打孔，它可以加工成普通钢板可以加工的各种部件。切割好的复合板可以拼焊成各种工程结构件或零部件。　　　功能及特点　　　可焊接、耐磨性能好。

一、钢板（包括带钢）的分类：　　1、按厚度分类：（1）薄板（2）中板（3）厚板（4）特厚板　　2、按生产方法分类：（1）热轧钢板（2）冷轧钢板　　3、按表面特征分类：（1）镀锌板（热镀锌板、电镀锌板）（2）镀锡板（3）复合钢板（4）彩色涂层钢板　　4、按用途分类：（1）桥梁钢板（2）锅炉钢板（3）造船钢板（4）装甲钢板（5）汽车钢板（6）屋面钢板（7）结构钢板（8）电工钢板（硅钢片）（9）弹簧钢板（10）其他二、普通及机械结构用钢板中常见的日本牌号　　1、日本钢材（JIS系列）的牌号中普通结构钢主要由三部分组成：第一部分表示材质，如：S（Steel）表示钢，F（Ferrum）表示铁；第二部分表示不同的形状、种类、用途，如P(Plate)表示板，T（Tube）表示管，K(Kogu)表示工具；第三部分表示特征数字，一般为最低抗拉强度。如：SS400¡¡第一个S表示钢(Steel)，第二个S表示“结构”（Structure），400为下限抗拉强度400MPa，整体表示抗拉强度为400 MPa的普通结构钢。　　2、SPHC¡¡首位S为钢Steel的缩写，P为板Plate的缩写，H为热Heat的缩写，C商业Commercial的缩写，整体表示一般用热轧钢板及钢带。　　3、SPHD¡¡表示冲压用热轧钢板及钢带。　　4、SPHE¡¡表示深冲用热轧钢板及钢带。　　5、SPCC¡¡表示一般用冷轧碳素钢薄板及钢带，相当于中国Q195-215A牌号。其中第三个字母C为冷Cold的缩写。需保证抗拉试验时，在牌号末尾加T为SPCCT。　　6、SPCD¡¡表示冲压用冷轧碳素钢薄板及钢带，相当于中国08AL（13237）优质碳素结构钢。　　7、SPCE¡¡表示深冲用冷轧碳素钢薄板及钢带，相当于中国08AL（5213）深冲钢。需保证非时效性时，在牌号末尾加N为SPCEN。冷轧碳素钢薄板及钢带调质代号：退火状态为A，标准调质为S，1/8硬为8，1/4硬为4，1/2硬为2，硬为1。　　表面加工代号：无光泽精轧为D，光亮精轧为B。如SPCC-SD表示标准调质、无光泽精轧的一般用冷轧碳素薄板。再如SPCCT-SB表示标准调质、光亮加工，要求保证机械性能的冷轧碳素薄板。　　8、JIS机械结构用钢牌号表示方法为：S+含碳量+字母代号（C、CK），其中含碳量用中间值×100表示，字母C：表示碳 K：表示渗碳用钢。如碳结卷板S20C其含碳量为0.18-0.23%。三、我国及日本硅钢片牌号表示方法　　1、中国牌号表示方法：　　（1）冷轧无取向硅钢带（片）表示方法：DW+铁损值（在频率为50HZ，波形为正弦的磁感峰值为1.5T的单位重量铁损值。）的100倍+厚度值的100倍。如DW470-50 表示铁损值为4.7w/kg，厚度为0.5mm的冷轧无取向硅钢，现新型号表示为50W470。　　（2）冷轧取向硅钢带（片）表示方法：DQ+铁损值（在频率为50HZ，波形为正弦的磁感峰值为1.7T的单位重量铁损值。）的100倍+厚度值的100倍。有时铁损值后加G表示高磁感。如DQ133-30表示铁损值为1.33，厚度为0.3mm的冷轧取向硅钢带（片），现新型号表示为30Q133。　　（3）热轧硅钢板热轧硅钢板用DR表示，按硅含量的多少分成低硅钢（含硅量≤2.8%）、高硅钢（含硅量＞2.8%）。　　表示方法：DR+铁损值（用50HZ反复磁化和按正弦形变化的磁感应强度最大值为1.5T时的单位重量铁损值）的100倍+厚度值的100倍。如DR510-50表示铁损值为5.1，厚度为0.5mm的热轧硅钢板。家用电器用热轧硅钢薄板的牌号用JDR+铁损值+厚度值来表示，如JDR540-50。　　2、日本牌号表示方法：　　（1）冷轧无取向硅钢带由公称厚度（扩大100倍的值）+代号A+铁损保证值（将频率50HZ，最大磁通密度为1.5T时的铁损值扩大100倍后的值）。如50A470表示厚度为0.5mm，铁损保证值为≤4.7的冷轧无取向硅钢带。　　（2）冷轧取向硅钢带由公称厚度（扩大100倍的值）+代号G：表示普通材料，P：表示高取向性材料+铁损保证值（将频率50HZ，最大磁通密度为1.7T时的铁损值扩大100倍后的值）。如30G130表示厚度为0.3mm，铁损保证值为≤1.3的冷轧取向硅钢带。

08F钢板化学成分08F钢板牌号08F钢板化学成分（质量分数）（%）CSiMnCrNiCu≤08F0.05~0.11≤0.030.25~0.500.100.300.25 08F钢板力学性能08F钢板牌号拉力强度MPa屈服点MPa断后伸长率（%）断面收缩率（%）08F2951753560

电镀锌钢板，是指采用电镀锌工艺镀锌的钢板。与热镀锌钢板相比，镀锌层厚度薄，但成本低。电镀锌也叫冷镀锌，就是利用电解原理，在制件表面形成均匀、致密、结合良好的锌镀层的过程。与其他 金属 相比，锌是相对便宜而又易镀覆的一种 金属 ，属低值防蚀电镀层，被广泛用于保护钢铁件，特别是防止空气氧化腐蚀，并用于装饰。镀锌板是指表面镀有一层锌的钢板。镀锌是一种经常采用的经济而有效的防腐方法。全世界锌 产量 的一半左右均用于此种工艺。镀锌是为防止钢板表面遭受腐蚀延长其使用寿命。镀锌板 市场 概况及生产消费现状近几年，我国镀锌板的生 产量 在逐年增加，出进口量也在逐年增加，增长幅度高于生 产量 的增加；扣除生产重复统计后，镀锌板消费量约为527万吨。1999年以后，进口量超过了生 产量 ，国内产品的自给率不足50％，并且有逐年降低的趋势。镀锌板消费量的增加主要依靠进口。近几年镀锌板进口逐年增长、进口的品种主要是电镀锌板，但电镀锌板进口的比例逐年降低；相应地，热镀锌板进口比例逐年增加，2003年我国热镀锌板的进口量第一次超过了电镀锌板的进口量。电镀锌钢板的特点：用电镀法制造这种镀锌钢板具有良好的加工性，但镀层较薄，耐腐蚀性不如热浸法镀锌板。

patterned section  花纹钢板　　花纹钢板表面带有凸起(或凹陷)花纹的钢板。 　　花纹钢板也称网纹钢板，是其表面具有菱形或突棱的钢板。 　　花纹可以是单一的菱形、扁豆形或圆豆形，也可以由两种或两种以上花纹适当地组合成为组合型花纹板。 　　花纹主要起防滑和装饰作用。组合型花纹板的防滑能力、抗弯能力、节约金属量及外观等方面的综合效果，均明显优于单一型花纹板。 　　花纹钢板广泛用于造船、锅炉、汽车、拖拉机、火车车厢及建筑等行业。 　　花纹钢板由于其表面有突棱，有防滑作用，可用作地板、厂房扶梯、工作架踏板、船舶甲板、汽车底板等。 　　花纹钢板用于车间、大型设备或船舶走道和楼梯的踏板，是表面压出菱形或扁豆形花纹的钢板。 　　钢板是由普通碳素钢1-3号乙类钢生产的，厚度为2.5-8毫米，宽度为600-1800毫米，长度为2000-12000毫米。 　　花纹钢板的规格以基本厚度(突棱的厚度不计)表示，有2.5-8毫米10种规格。花纹板钢板用1-3号。  　　花纹钢板用钢牌号按GB/T700(碳素结构钢）、GB/T712(船体用结构钢）和GB/T4171(高耐候性结构钢）的规定供应。 　　乙类普通碳素结构钢轧制，化学成分符合GB700《普通碳素结构钢技术条件》的规定。  　　花纹板高不小于基板厚度0.2倍；  　　花纹钢板按实际重量或理论重量交货；  　　标记示例：用Q235-A制成的，尺寸为4*1000*4000mm.  　　圆豆花纹钢板，其标记为：圆豆形花纹钢板Q235-A-4*1000*4000-GB/T 3277-91  　　菱形花纹钢板，其标记为：菱形花纹钢板板B 3-4*1000*4000-GB 3277-82  　　钢板以热轧状态交货；花纹钢板表面不得有气泡、结疤、拉裂、折叠和夹杂、钢板不得有分层。  　　表面质量分为两级：  　　普通精度：钢板表面允许有薄层氧化铁皮、铁锈、由于氧化铁皮脱落所形成的表面粗糙和高度或深度古超过允许偏差的其他局部缺陷。花纹上允许有不明显的毛刺和高度不超过纹高的个别痕迹。单个缺陷的最大面积不超过纹长的平方。  　　较高精度：钢板表面允许有薄层氧化铁皮、铁锈和高度或深度不超过厚度公差之半的其他局部缺陷。  　　花纹完整无损，花纹上允许有高度不超过厚度公差之半的局部的轻微毛刺。型号 尺寸，mm 理论重量h b d kg/m10 100 68 4.5 11.26112.6 126 74 5 14.22314 140 80 5.5 16.8916 160 88 6 20.51318 180 94 6.5 24.14320a 200 100 7 27.92920b 200 102 9 31.06922a 220 110 7.5 33.0722b 220 112 9.5 36.52425a 250 116 8 38.10525b 250 118 10 42.0328a 280 122 8.5 43.49228b 280 124 10.5 47.88832a 320 130 9.5 52.71732b 320 132 11.5 57.74132c 320 134 13.5 62.76536a 360 136 10 30.03736b 360 138 12 65.68936c 360 140 14 71.34140a 400 142 10.5 67.59840b 400 144 12.5 73.87840c 400 146 14.5 80.15845a 450 150 11.5 80.4245b 450 152 13.5 87.48545c 450 154 15.5 94.5550a 500 158 12 93.65450b 500 160 14 101.50450c 500 162 16 109.35456a 560 166 12.5 106.31656b 560 168 14.5 115.10856c 560 170 16.5 123.963a 630 176 13 121.40763b 630 178 15 131.29863c 630 180 17 141.189(12) 120 74 5 13.987（24a） 240 116 8 37.477（24b） 240 118 10 41.245（27a） 270 122 8.5 42.825（27b） 270 124 10.5 47.064（30a） 300 126 9 48.084（30b） 300 128 11 52.794（30c） 300 130 13 57.504（55a） 550 166 12.5 105.335（55b） 550 168 14.5 113.97（55c） 550 170 16.5 122.605注：h－高度；b－腿宽度；d－腰厚度；（）表示经供需双方协议可供应（）中所规定的工字钢。 热轧槽钢理论重量速查表    （根据GB/T707－1988）型号 尺寸、mm 理论重量h b d kg/m5 50 37 4.5 5.4386.3 63 40 4.8 6.6348 80 43 5 8.04510 100 48 5.3 10.00712.6 126 53 5.5 12.31814a 140 58 6 14.53514b 140 60 8 16.73316a 160 63 6.5 17.2416b 160 65 8.5 19.75218a 180 68 7 20.17418b 180 70 9 2320a 200 73 7 22.63720b 200 75 9 25.77722a 220 77        7 24.99922b 220 79        9 28.45325a 250 78 7 27.4125b 250 80 9 31.33525c 250 82 11 35.2628a 280 82 7.5 31.42728b 280 84 9.5 35.82328c 280 86 11.5 40.21932a 320 90 8 38.08332b 320 88 10 43.10732c 320 90 12 48.13136a 360 92 9 47.81436b 360 96 11 5.46636c 360 98 13 59.11840a 400 100 10.5 58.92840b 400 102 12.5 65.20840c 400 104 14.5 71.488(6.5) 65 40 4.3 6.709(12) 120 53 5.5 12.059（24a） 240 78 7 26.86（24b） 240 80 9 30.628（24c） 240 82 11 34.396（27a） 270 82 7.5 30.838（27b） 270 84 9.5 35.077（27c） 270 86 11.5 39.316（30a） 300 85 7.5 34.463（30b） 300 87 9.5 39.173 花纹板理论重量速查表（根据GB/T3277－1991）基本 理论重量，kg/m²厚度 菱形 扁豆 圆豆2.5 21.6 21.3 21.13 25.6 24.4 24.33.5 29.3 28.4 28.34 33.4 32.4 32.34.5 37.3 36.4 36.25 42.3 40.5 40.25.5 46.2 44.3 44.16 50.1 48.4 48.17 59 52.6 52.48 66.8 56.4 56.2

钢板镀锌是提高钢板耐锈蚀性能、装饰美观的一种工艺手法。目前，最常用的钢板镀锌方法是热镀锌。镀锌钢板是为防止钢板表面遭受腐蚀，延长其使用寿命，在钢板表面涂以一层 金属 锌，这种涂锌的钢板称为镀锌板或镀锌钢板。镀锌钢板广泛用于建筑、轻工、汽车、家电、电子、农牧渔业、商品包装等 行业 。近几年，我国建筑、家电等 行业 对镀锌板需求增长很快， 市场 潜力较大，尤其是近年来随着建筑轻型结构的迅速发展，轿车 产量 的逐年增加，家用电器的广泛普及，合资、独资企业电子产品的大量出口，使镀锌板的消费量增长较快。按生产方式分，镀锌板分为热镀锌板和电镀锌板。目前，国内镀锌板的生产无论是数量还是品种均不能满足 市场 需求，每年需要大量进口，国内镀锌板生产 市场 占有率较低，国内 市场 供不应求， 市场 潜力巨大。热镀锌钢板，将薄钢板浸入熔解的锌槽中，使其表面粘附一层锌的薄钢板。目前主要采用连续镀锌工艺生产，即把成卷的钢板连续浸在熔解有锌的镀槽中制成镀锌钢板；电镀锌钢板，用电镀锌法制造这种镀锌钢板具有良好的加工性。但镀层较薄，耐腐蚀性不如热浸法镀锌板；单面镀和双面差镀锌板，单面镀锌钢板，即只在一面镀锌的产品。在焊接、涂装、防锈处理、加工等方面，具有比双面镀锌板更好的适应性。为克服单面未涂锌的缺点，又有一种在另面涂以薄层锌的镀锌板，即双面差镀锌板；合金化镀锌板，这种钢板也是用热浸镀锌法制造，但在出槽后，立即把它加热到500℃左右，使其生成锌和铁的合金被膜。这种镀锌板具有良好的涂料的密着性和焊接性；合金、复合镀锌板，它是用锌和其他 金属 如铅、锌制成合金乃至复合镀成的钢板。这种钢板既具有卓越的防锈性能，又有良好的涂装性能。国内镀锌钢板生产消费存在的主要问题：生产品种不全；缺少锌合金镀层板；生产规格单一；生 产量 不足，机组能力小。钢板镀锌能有效地延长钢板的腐蚀时间，使得钢板的利用价值得到提升，目前钢材 市场 的镀锌钢板的 价格 也在小幅度的上涨。

钢板是钢材四大品种（板、管、型、丝）之一，在发达国家，钢板产量占钢材生产总量50%以上，随着我国国民经济的发展，钢板生产量逐渐增长。    钢板是一种宽厚比和表面积都很大的扁平钢材。钢板按厚度分为薄板和厚板两大规格。    薄钢板是用热轧或冷轧方法生产的厚度在0.2-4mm之间的钢板。薄钢板宽度在500-1400mm之间。根据不同的用途，薄钢板采用不同材质钢坯轧制而成。通常采用材质有普碳钢、优碳钢、合金结构钢、碳素工具钢、不锈钢、弹簧钢和电工用硅钢等。它们主要用于汽车工业、航空工业、搪瓷工业、电气工业、机械工业等部门。薄钢板除轧制后直接交货之外，还有经过酸洗的、镀锌和镀锡等种类。    厚钢板是厚度在4mm以上的钢板的统称，在实际工作中，常将厚度小于20mm的钢板称为中板，厚度＞20mm至60mm的钢板称为厚板，厚度＞60mm的钢板则需在专门的特厚板轧机上轧制，故称特厚板。厚钢板的宽度从0.6mm-3.0mm。厚板按用途又分造船钢板、桥梁钢板、锅炉钢板、高压容器钢板、花纹钢板、汽车钢板、装甲钢板和复合钢板等。    钢板的一个分支是钢带，钢带实际上是很长的薄板，宽度比较小，常成卷供应，也称为带钢。钢带常在多机架连续式轧机上生产，切成定尺长度后就是钢带，因此生产率比单张机制时高。    一、中厚板    （一）普通中厚钢板    1、普碳钢沸腾钢板（GB3274-88）    普碳钢沸腾钢板顾名思义是由普通碳素结构钢的沸腾钢热轧制成的钢板。沸腾钢是一种脱氧不完全的钢材，钢液含氧量较高，当钢水注入钢锭模后，碳氧反应产生大量气体，造成钢液呈沸腾状态而得名。沸腾钢含碳量低，且由于不用硅铁脱氧，故钢中含硅量常＜0.07%。沸腾钢的外层是在沸腾状态下结晶的，所以表层纯净、致密，表面质量好，加工性能良好。沸腾钢没有大的集中缩孔，用脱氧剂少，钢材成本低。沸腾钢心部杂质多，偏析较严重，力学性能不均匀，钢中气体含量较多，韧性低、冷脆和时效敏感性较大，焊接性能较差，故不适用于制造承受冲击截荷，在低温下工作的焊接结构件和其他重要结构件。    沸腾钢板大量用制造各种冲压件、建筑及工程结构和一些不太重要的机器结构和零件。其材质的牌号、化学成分和力学性能符合GB700-79（88）（普通碳素结构钢技术条件）中沸腾钢的规定。热轧中厚钢板厚度为4.5-200mm。生产单位主要有鞍钢、武钢、马钢、太钢、重庆钢厂、邯郸钢铁总厂、新余钢厂、柳州钢厂、安阳钢钢公司、营口中板厂和天津钢厂等。    2、普碳钢镇静钢板（GB3274-88）    普碳镇静钢钢板是由普通碳素结构钢镇静钢坯热轧制成的钢板。镇静钢是脱氧完全的钢，钢液在注锭前用锰铁、硅铁和铝等进行充分脱氧，钢液在钢锭模中较平静，不产生沸腾状态，故得名为镇静钢。镇静钢的优点是化学成分均匀，所以各部分的机械性能也均匀，焊接性能和塑性良好、抗腐蚀性较强。但表面质量较差，有集中缩孔，成本也较高。    普通镇静钢板主要用于生产在低温下承受冲击的构件、焊接结构及其他要求较高强度的结构件。其材质的牌号、化学成分和力学性能符合GB700-79（88）（普通碳素结构钢技术条件）中镇静钢的规定。钢板的规格尺寸厚度4.5-200mm。生产单位主要有鞍钢、武钢、舞阳钢铁公司、马钢、太钢、重庆钢厂、邯郸钢铁总厂、新余钢厂、柳州钢厂、安阳钢铁公司、天津钢厂、营口中板厂、上钢一、三厂、韶关钢铁厂和济南钢铁厂等。    3、低合金结构钢板（GB3274-88）    低合金结构钢板是由低合金结构钢热轧制成的。低合金钢板都是镇静钢和半镇静钢板。其优点是强度较高、性能较好、能节省大量钢材、减轻结构重量等。低合金结构钢板越来越广泛用于机械制造和金属结构件等。热轧钢板厚度为4.5-200mm。生产单位包括鞍钢、武钢、舞阳钢铁公司、马钢、重庆钢厂、新余钢厂、柳州钢厂、昆明钢铁公司、天津钢厂、韶关特钢厂、安阳钢铁公司、上钢一、三厂和太钢等。    4、一般结构用热连轧钢板（GB2517-81）    主要用于建筑、桥梁、车辆等一般结构。钢板（带）厚度从1.2-13.0mm；宽度从700-1550mm；长度从2000-12000mm。    5、焊接结构用耐候钢板（GB4172-84）    耐候钢即耐大气腐蚀钢。焊接结构用耐候钢是在钢中加入少量的合金元素，如钢、铬、镍、钼、铌、钛、锆和钒等，使其在金属基体表面形成保护层，以提高钢材的耐候性，以及良好的焊接性能。主要用于桥梁、建筑及其他结构。    6、高耐候性结构钢钢板（GB4171-84）    耐候钢即耐大气腐蚀济。在钢中加入少量合金元素，如钢、磷、铬、镍、钼铌、钛、锆和钒等，使在金属基体表面形成保护层面提高钢材的耐候性能。主要适用于建筑、车辆、塔架和其他结构件。    7、花纹钢板（GB3277-82）    花纹钢板是其表面具有菱形或扁豆形突棱的钢板。其规格以其本身厚度（突棱的厚度不计）表示。花纹板具有防滑作用，常用作地板、厂房扶梯、工作架踏板、船舶甲板和汽车底板等。花纹板的材质用普通碳素结构钢的B1、B2和B3牌号钢轧制而成，其化学成分符合GB700-79（普通碳素结构钢技术条件）的规定。生产单位主要有鞍钢和安阳钢铁公司等。    8、桥梁用钢板（YB168-70）    桥梁钢板是专用于架造铁路或公路桥梁的钢板。要求有较高的强度、韧性以及承受机车车辆的载荷和冲击，且要有良好的抗疲劳性、一定的低温韧性和耐大气腐蚀性。拴焊桥梁用钢还应具有良好的焊接性能和低的缺口敏感性。主要用于铁路桥和公路桥其跨度在46-160mm之间的结构件。其规格：厚度从6-50mm、宽度从1.0-2.4mm、长度从2.0-16mm。我国生产桥梁用钢板主要有鞍钢、武钢、上钢三厂和重庆钢厂等单位。    9、船体结构用钢板（GB712-88）    船体结构用钢板简称船用板。由于船舶工作环境恶劣，船体壳要受海水的化学腐蚀、电化学腐蚀和海生物、微生物的腐蚀；船体承受较大的风浪冲击和交变负荷；船舶形状使其加工方法复杂等因素、所以对船体结构用钢要求严格。首先良好的韧性是最关键的要求，此外，要求有较高的强度，良好的耐腐蚀性能、焊接性能，加工成型性能以及表面质量。为保质量和保证有足够的韧性，要求化学成分的Mn/C在2.5以上，对碳当量也有严格要求，并由船检部门认可的钢厂生产。船体用结构钢分一般厚度和高强度钢两种，一般强度钢按质量分A、B、C和D四个等级；高强度钢又分两个强度级别和三个质量等级；AH32、DH32、EH32、AH36、DH36、EH36。    船体结构用钢板主要用于制造远洋、沿海和内河航运船舶的船体、甲板等的钢板。产品规格：厚度4.5-50mm、宽度1.0-2.2mm、长度4.0-12.0m。我国主要由武钢、马钢、上钢一、三厂、太钢、昆明钢铁公司和天津钢厂等生产。    10、锅炉用钢板（GB713-86）    按用途分，锅炉分工业锅炉和电站锅炉用两大类。工业锅炉通常是工业企业用于供热，属小型锅炉，其所用钢材为普通碳素结构钢和低合金结构钢。电站锅炉属大、中型锅炉，对钢材质量有特殊要求，一般要求具有优良综合性能的合金钢来制造。主要用于制作固定锅炉、船体锅炉及其他锅炉重要附件。钢板厚度从6-120mm。生产单位主要有鞍钢、武钢、上钢三厂、舞阳钢铁公司、柳州钢厂、重庆钢厂、太钢、昆明钢铁公司等生产。

65锰钢板价格,国内65锰钢板仍弱势盘整，市场成交较为冷清，钢厂公布采购价格低且量少，65锰钢板生产厂家信心差，亏损严重，较多地区小企业停炉、大厂选择减产，出口市场仍冷清，国际硅锰价格低于国内报价。国内65锰钢板FeMn65Si17市场出厂综合报价在6700-7100元/吨，FeMn60Si14市场报价在5400-6000元/吨，出口FOB报价在1030-1200美元。国内65锰钢板走势仍无起色，各地硅锰厂家亏损严重，钢厂采购价格低且采量少，虽目前各家报价暂无跌幅，但均表示，由于较多钢厂定价低，市场实际成交价格又有所小幅下调，较多厂家成本高，只能关停炉子，暂时不对外销售，以应对当前弱势。从矿石方面来看，同样受制于成交冷清，价格继续处于弱势，但由于国外矿石报价高，进口锰矿价格暂无太大跌幅，港口贸易商也不敢操作，对于短期内市场，各方均认为，由于整个钢铁体系的走弱，65锰钢板价格较难出现回暖可能，但市场大批硅锰企业关停，现货资源紧张致使个别地区价格小幅上调也不无可能。国内主要市场65锰钢板出厂价格继续持稳，市场成交略有转好。今日湖南地区的主流成交价维持在12300元/吨，部分厂家有12200元/吨的价格出货。目前市场上除重庆秀山地区有厂家陆续复工意以外其他地区产量基本稳定，下游需求近期也无太大的变动，这也是近期65锰钢板价格一直稳定的原因，厂家对后市也是比较茫然。有消息称民营钢厂本月第一次碰头会将于近日进行，本月的产量将成为主要探讨议题，之前外界一直预计本月民营钢厂将会继续减产。65锰钢板出口价格仍在2300美元/左右，尽管市场上询盘有所增加，但采购依然低迷。不过现在不锈钢行业已经开始出现回暖迹象，65锰钢板做为上游原料也会受到影响，不过有一定的滞后性。预计近期65锰钢板价格仍将平稳运行，长期或许有小幅上涨的可能。

镀锌板是为防止钢板表面遭受腐蚀，延长其使用寿命，在钢板表面涂以一层 金属 锌，这种涂锌的钢板称为镀锌板或镀锌钢板。镀锌板广泛用于建筑、轻工、汽车、家电、电子、农牧渔业、商品包装等 行业 。近几年，我国建筑、家电等 行业 对镀锌板需求增长很快， 市场 潜力较大，尤其是近年来随着建筑轻型结构的迅速发展，轿车 产量 的逐年增加，家用电器的广泛普及，合资、独资企业电子产品的大量出口，使镀锌板的消费量增长较快。按生产方式分，镀锌板分为热镀锌板和电镀锌板。目前，国内镀锌板的生产无论是数量还是品种均不能满足 市场 需求，每年需要大量进口，国内镀锌板生产 市场 占有率较低，国内 市场 供不应求， 市场 潜力巨大。镀锌板按生产及加工方法可分为以下几类：①热浸镀锌板将薄钢板浸入熔解的锌槽中，使其表面粘附一层锌的薄钢板。目前主要采用连续镀锌工艺生产，即把成卷的钢板连续浸在熔解有锌的镀槽中制成镀锌钢板；②合金化镀锌板这种钢板也是用热浸镀锌法制造，但在出槽后，立即把它加热到500℃左右，使其生成锌和铁的合金被膜。这种镀锌板具有良好的涂料的密着性和焊接性；③电镀锌板用电镀锌法制造这种镀锌钢板具有良好的加工性。但镀层较薄，耐腐蚀性不如热浸法镀锌板；④单面镀和双面差镀锌板单面镀锌钢板，即只在一面镀锌的产品。在焊接、涂装、防锈处理、加工等方面，具有比双面镀锌板更好的适应性。为克服单面未涂锌的缺点，又有一种在另面涂以薄层锌的镀锌板，即双面差镀锌板；⑤合金、复合镀锌板它是用锌和其他 金属 如铅、锌制成合金乃至复合镀成的钢板。这种钢板既具有卓越的防锈性能，又有良好的涂装性能。镀锌板的外观（1）表面状态：镀锌板由于涂镀工艺中处理方式不同，表面状态也不同，如普通锌花、细锌花、平整锌花、无锌花以及磷化处理的表面等。（2）镀锌板应具有良好的外观，不得有对产品使用有害的缺陷，如无镀、孔洞、破裂以及浮渣、超过镀厚、擦伤、铬酸污垢、白锈等。国外标准对具体外观缺陷规定都不十分明确。国内镀锌板生产消费存在的主要问题1、生 产量 不足，机组能力小2、生产品种、规格、质量有待提高①生产品种不全②生产规格单一③缺少锌合金镀层板④热镀锌板原料自给率低总之，高质量、高档次的热镀锌板，尤其是汽车、家电用镀锌板，要求具有非常高的表面质量、优良的板型、不同的合金化镀层、深冲性能良好、强度高。因此，生产高质量热镀锌板生产是一个系统工程，对冶炼、连铸、热轧、冷轧、镀锌等一系列生产工序均提出质量一贯制的要求，生产难度较大。 

电工钢板（又称硅钢片、矽钢片）是指一种含碳量极低（经退火后，含碳量在0.005％以下）的硅铁软磁合金，一般硅含量为0.5％～4.5％，铁中加入硅可以提高其电阻率和最大导磁率。主要用来制造各种变压器、电动机和发电机的铁芯。电工钢板分为两大类，即取向电工钢板和无取向电工钢板。 开发电工钢板一种具有高导电性能和高耐蚀性的无铬钢板 ,据说这种无铬耐蚀的高导电性钢板是在其表面上涂复了一层很薄的无铬涂层 ,这种涂层既能提供耐蚀性又提高了其导电性。日本钢公司开发的一种新型电工钢板

冷轧钢板就是经过冷轧生产的钢板，俗称冷板。　　冷轧是在室温条件下将No.1钢板进一步轧薄至为目标厚度的钢板。和热轧钢板比较，冷轧钢板厚度更加精确，而且表面光滑、漂亮，同时还具有各种优越的机械性能，特别是加工性能方面。因为冷轧原卷比较脆硬，不太适合加工，所以通常情况下冷轧钢板要求经过退火、酸洗及表面平整之后才交给客户。冷轧最大厚度是0.1--8.0MM以下，如大部份工厂冷轧钢板厚度是4.5MM以下；最少厚度、宽度是根据各工厂的设备能力和市场需求而决定。 　　一般来说，冷轧钢板分为三代产品：沸腾钢为第一代，铝镇静钢为第二代，无间隙原子刚（IF钢）为第三代。   您查询的关键词是：冷轧钢板  。如果打开速度慢，可以尝试快速版；如果想保存快照，可以添加到搜藏。 "冷轧钢板""2,冷轧钢板(YB459-64)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.9)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.9)""0.4","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","3.56",,"2.5","6000x1200 7000x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","22.25""0.45",,"4.01",,"2.75",,"24.48""0.5",,"4.45",,"3.0",,"26.70""0.6",,"5.34",,"3.5",,"31.50""0.7",,"6.23",,"4.0",,"35.60""0.8",,"7.12",,"4.5",,"40.05""0.9",,"8.01",,"5.0",,"44.50""1.0",,"8.90",,"5.5",,"48.95""1.1",,"9.79",,"6.0",,"53.40""1.2",,"10.68",,"6.5",,"57.85""1.35",,"12.02",,"7.0",,"62.30""1.5",,"13.35",,"7.5",,"66.75""1.65",,"14.60",,"8.0",,"71.20""1.8",,"16.02",,"9.0",,"80.10""2.0",,"17.80",,"10.0",,"89.00""2.25",,"20.03""冷轧铜条""2,冷轧铜条(YB459-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""0.20","200~400","500~800","1.78",,"2.50","200~500","500~2000","22.25""0.25",,,"2.23",,"2.75",,,"24.48""0.30",,,"2.67",,"3.00",,"1000~2000","26.70""0.35",,,"3.12",,"3.50",,,"31.15""0.40","200~500","500~2000","3.56",,"4.00",,,"35.60""0.45",,,"4.01",,"4.50",,,"40.05""0.50",,,"4.45",,"5.00",,,"44.50""0.60",,,"5.34",,"5.50",,,"48.95""0.70",,,"6.23",,"6.00",,,"53.40""0.80",,,"7.12",,"6.50",,,"57.85""0.90",,,"8.01",,"7.00",,,"62.30""1.00",,,"8.90",,"8.00",,,"71.20""1.20",,,"10.68",,"9.00",,,"80.10""1.30",,,"11.57",,"10.00",,,"89.00""1.40",,,"12.46",,"11.00",,,"97.90""1.50",,,"13.35",,"12.00",,,"106.8""1.60",,,"14.69",,"13.00",,,"115.7""1.80",,,"16.02",,"14.00",,,"124.6""2.00",,,"17.80",,"15.00",,,"133.5""注 铜板和条(热轧,冷轧)的制造牌号为T2,T3,T4和TU和TUP,其化学成分应符合YB145-71规定""特殊用冷轧黄铜条""3,特殊用冷轧黄铜条(YB555-65)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.8)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.8)""0.20","200~300","500~1000","1.76",,"1.6","200~500","500~2000","14.08""0.25",,,"2.20",,"1.8",,,"15.84""0.30","200~400",,"2.64",,"2.0",,,"17.60""0.35",,,"3.08",,"2.5",,,"22.00""0.40","200~500",,"3.52",,"2.75",,,"24.20""0.45",,,"3.96",,"3.0",,,"26.40""0.50",,"500~2000","4.40",,"3.5",,,"30.80""0.55",,,"4.84",,"4.0",,,"35.20""0.60",,,"5.28",,"4.5",,,"39.60""0.70",,,"6.16",,"5.0",,,"44.00""0.80",,,"7.04",,"5.5",,,"48.40""0.90",,,"7.92",,"6.0",,,"52.80""1.0",,,"8.8",,"6.5",,,"57.20""1.2",,,"10.56",,"7.0",,,"61.60""1.3",,,"11.44",,"8.0",,,"70.40""1.4",,,"12.32",,"9.0",,,"79.20""1.5",,,"13.20",,"10.0",,,"88.00""注 (1)标记举例:用H80制成的,厚度为0.8mm,宽度为300mm,长度为1000mm的1/2硬条标记为:"" 条H80-Y20.8x300x1000YB555-65."" (2)冷轧条分为定尺,倍尺和不定尺三种.""多面体的体积和表面积""多面体的体积和表面积""图形",,"尺寸符号",,"重心(G)""立方体",,,,"在对角线交点上""长方体∧棱柱∨",,,,"G0=h/2""三棱柱",,,,"Go=h/2""棱锥",,,,"Go=h/4""棱台""圆柱和空心圆柱∧管∨",,,,"Go=h/2""斜线直圆柱""直圆锥",,,,"Go=h/4""圆台""球",,,,"在球心上""球扇形∧球楔∨",,,,"Go=3/4(r-h/2)""球缺",,,,"Go=3(2r-h)2/4(3r-h)""圆环体∧胎∨",,,,"在环中心上""球带体",,,,"Go=h1+h/2""桶形",,,,"在轴交点上""椭球体",," a,b,c-半轴",,"在轴交点上""交叉圆柱体",,,,"在二轴交点上""梯形体""常用图形求面积,体积公式""常用图形求面积,体积公式""图形",,"尺寸符号","面积(F) 表面积(S)","重心(G)""正方形",,,,"在对角线交点上""长方形",,,,"在对角线交点上""三角形",,,,"GB=1/3BD CD=DA""平行四边形",,,,"对角线交点上""任意四边形""正多边形",,,,"在o点上""菱形",,,,"在对角线交点上""梯形""圆形",,,,"在圆心上""椭圆形",,"a·b-主轴","F= (π/4) a·b","在主轴交点G上""扇形""弓形""圆环",,,,"在圆心O""部分圆环""新月形",,,,"O1G=(π-P)L/2P","L d/10","2d/10 3d/10 4d/10","5d/10 6d/10 7d/10 ","8d/10 9d/10","P 0.40","0.79 1.18 1.56","1.91 2.25 2.55","2.81 3.02""抛物线形""等多边形",,," "," 在内,外接圆心处""冷轧黄钢板""4,冷轧黄钢板(YB460-71)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.5)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.5)""0.20","200~500 500~600 600~700 700~800 >800","1.70",,"2.00","200~500 500~600 600~700 700~800 >800","17.00""0.25",,"2.13",,"2.25",,"19.13""0.30",,"2.55",,"2.50",,"21.25""0.35",,"2.98",,"2.75",,"23.38""0.40",,"3.40",,"3.00",,"25.50""0.45",,"3.82",,"3.50",,"29.75""0.50",,"4.25",,"4.00",,"34.00""0.60",,"5.10",,"4.50",,"38.20""0.70",,"5.95",,"5.00",,"42.50""0.80",,"6.80",,"5.50",,"46.75""0.90",,"7.65",,"6.00",,"51.00""1.00",,"8.50",,"6.50",,"55.25""1.10",,"9.35",,"7.00",,"59.50""1.20",,"10.20",,"7.50",,"63.75""1.35",,"11.48",,"8.00",,"68.00""1.50",,"12.75",,"9.00",,"76.50""1.65",,"14.03",,"10.00",,"85.00""1.80",,"15.30""注 (1)冷轧软板仅供应H59,H62,H68,H80,H90,H96,HMn58-2,HPb59-1牌号.""(2)冷轧1/2硬板仅供应H62,H65,H68,H90,HMn58-2牌号.""(3)冷轧特硬板仅供应H62牌号.""(4)冷轧板材长度分为:定尺,倍尺和不定尺三种.其通常长度为500~2000mm,但长度不得小于宽度.""特殊用冷轧黄钢板""5,特殊用冷轧黄钢板(YB555-65)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.8)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.8)""0.4","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","3.52",,"2.25","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","19.60""0.45",,"3.96",,"2.50",,"22.00""0.50",,"4.40",,"2.75",,"24.20""0.55",,"4.84",,"3.0",,"26.40""0.60",,"5.28",,"3.5",,"30.80""0.70",,"6.16",,"4.0",,"35.20""0.80",,"7.04",,"4.5",,"39.60""0.90",,"7.92",,"5.0",,"44.00""1.0",,"8.80",,"5.5",,"48.40""1.1",,"9.68",,"6.0",,"52.80""1.2",,"10.56",,"6.5",,"57.20""1.35",,"11.88",,"7.0",,"61.60""1.5",,"13.20",,"7.5",,"66.60""1.65",,"14.52",,"8.0",,"70.40""1.8",,"15.84",,"9.0",,"79.20""2.0",,"17.60",,"10.0",,"88.00""注 标记举例:用H90制成的,厚度为2.5mm,宽度为600mm,长度为1200mm的软板标记为:"" 板H90M2.5x600x1200xYB555-65.""铝及铝合金板""6,铝及铝合金板""厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)"0.5,"1.40",,"2.5","7.00",,"9.0","25.2",,"25","70.0"0.6,"1.68",,"3.0","8.40",,"10.0","28.0",,"30","84.0"0.8,"2.24",,"3.5","9.80",,"12.0","33.6",,"35","98.0""1.0","2.80",,"4.0","11.20",,"14.0","39.2",,"40","112.0""1.2","3.36",,"5.0","14.00",,"16.0","44.8",,"50","140.0""1.5","4.20",,"6.0","16.80",,"18.0","50.4",,"60","168.0""1.8","5.04",,"7.0","19.60",,"20.0","56.0",,"70","196.0""2.0","5.60",,"8.0","22.40",,"22.0","61.6",,"80","224.0""注 (1)板的宽度有1000,1200和500mm;板的长度有2000,3000和4000mm."" (2)理论重量按LY11,LY12和LD10等牌号铝合金的比重2.8计算,对于其他牌号的铝合金和工业纯铝,应乘以"" 下列换算系数:LD2-0.961;LF2-0.953;LF21-0.975;LC4-1.018;工业纯铝-0.967.""铅板""7,铅板(GB1470-79)""厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)""1.0","11.37",,"3.0","34.11",,"5.0","56.85",,"9.0","102.33""1.5","17.06",,"3.5","39.80",,"6.0","68.22",,"10.0","113.70""2.0","22.74",,"4.0","45.48",,"7.0","79.59",,"12.0","136.44""2.5","28.43",,"4.5","51.17",,"8.0","90.96",,"16.0","170.55""注 (1)铅的化学成分按GB469-64标准."" (2)板材理论重量按比重为11.34计算,宽度按500mm进张."" (3)板材成卷供应,厚度大于15mm的板材,以片状供应,厚度不大于1.5mm的板材,应用木箱包装.""纯铜带"",纯铜带(YB464-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (m)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (m)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""0.05","18~150","≥20","0.44",,"0.50","18~300","≥10","4.45""0.06",,,"0.53",,"0.55",,,"4.90""0.07",,,"0.62",,"0.60",,,"5.34""0.08",,,"0.71",,"0.65",,,"5.79""0.09",,,"0.80",,"0.70",,,"6.23""0.10","18~300",,"0.89",,"0.75",,,"6.68""0.12",,,"1.07",,"0.80",,,"7.12""0.15",,,"1.34",,"0.85",,,"7.57""0.18",,,"1.60",,"0.90",,,"8.01""0.20",,,"1.78",,"1.00",,,"8.90""0.22",,,"1.96",,"1.10",,,"9.79""0.25",,,"2.23",,"1.20",,"≥7","10.68""0.30",,,"2.67",,"1.30",,,"11.57""0.35",,,"3.12",,"14.40",,,"12.46""0.40",,,"3.56",,"1.50",,,"13.35""0.45",,,"4.01""注 纯铜带的制造牌号为T2,T3,T4,TUP,其化学成分符合YB145-71的规定.""铝带""9,铝带""宽 度 (mm)","厚 度 (mm)","3","4","5","6","8","10","12","重 量 (kg/m)""10","0.080","0.107","0.134 0.161 0.268 0.335 0.402 0.536 0.670 0.804 1.072 1.340 1.608","0.161","0.214","0.268","0.322""12","0.096","0.129",,"0.193","0.257","0.322","0.386""15","0.121","0.161",,"0.241","0.322","0.402","0.482""20","0.161","0.214",,"0.322","0.429","0.568","0.643""25","0.201","0.268",,"0.402","0.568","0.670","0.804""30","0.241","0.332",,"0.482","0.643","0.804","0.965""40","0.322","0.429",,"0.643","0.858","1.072","1.286""50","0.402","0.536",,"0.804","1.072","1.340","1.608""60","0.482","0.643",,"0.965","1.286","1.608","1.930""80","0.643","0.858",,"1.286","1.715","2.144","2.573""100","0.804","1.072",,"1.608","2.144","2.680","3.216""120","0.965","1.286",,"1.930","2.573","3.216","3.859""注 表中重量系以LY11,LY12,(比重2.8)为准,其他合金应乘以下列系数:"" L1~L6-0.967;LF2-0.953;LF21-0.975.""热轧铜条""1,热轧铜条(YB459-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""4.0","200~500","≥1000","35.60",,"8.0","200~500","≥1000","71.20""4.5",,,"40.05",,"9.0",,,"80.10""5.0",,,"44.05",,"10.0",,,"89.0""5.5",,,"48.95",,"11.0",,,"97.9""6.0",,,"53.40",,"12.0",,,"106.8""6.5",,,"57.85",,"13.0",,,"115.7""7.0",,,"62.30",,"14.0",,,"124.6""7.5",,,"66.75",,"15.0",,,"133.5""英国标准线规(BWG)号数与线径的关系""(二)英国标准线规(BWG)号数与线径的关系""线规号码","in.","mm",,"线规号码","in.","mm",,"线规号码","in.","mm""0","0.324","8.230",,"14","0.080","2.032",,"28","0.0148","0.376""1","0.300","7.020",,"15","0.072","1.829",,"29","0.0136","0.345""2","0.276","7.010",,"16","0.064","1.626",,"30","0.0124","0.315""3","0.252","6.401",,"17","0.056","1.422",,"31","0.0116","0.295""4","0.232","5.893",,"18","0.048","1.219",,"32","0.0108","0.274""5","0.212","5.385",,"19","0.040","1.016",,"33","0.0100","0.254""6","0.192","4.877",,"20","0.036","0.914",,"34","0.0092","0.234""7","0.176","4.470",,"21","0.032","0.813",,"35","0.0084","0.213""8","0.160","4.064",,"22","0.028","0.711",,"36","0.0076","0.193""9","0.144","3.658",,"23","0.024","0.610",,"37","0.0068","0.173""10","0.128","3.251",,"24","0.022","0.559",,"38","0.0060","0.152""11","0.116","2.946",,"25","0.020","0.508",,"39","0.0052","0.132"12,"0.104","2.642",,"26","0.018","0.457",,"40","0.0048","0.122"13,"0.092","2.337",,"27","0.0164","0.417",,"41","0.0044","0.112""刺钢丝""三)刺钢丝规格和重量""说 明 和 用 途",,"钢丝划号 (号)","刺间距离 (mm)","每kg长度 (m)","重量 (kg/km)""刺钢丝又名刺铁丝,俗称"花园铅丝"(因常作花园围墙篱笆之用,故名),系以镀锌钢丝经机器铰缠而成(一般用#12或#14钢丝制作).适于作各种围墙(尤其是公园围墙和临时建筑场地 的围墙)篱笆或障碍物用.",,"12","65","6.4","156",,,"75","7.2","139",,,"100","7.9","127",,,"125","8.6","116",,"14","65","10.9","91.8",,,"75","11.5","86.9",,,"100","13.0","76.9",,,"125","14.0","71.4""注 (1)刺钢丝规格的注写方法为"钢丝直径(号数)x尖数x刺间距离",或"钢丝直径(号数)x刺间距离"."" (2)表列刺钢丝的"每kg长度"和"重量",仅供参考.""刻痕钢丝""四)刻痕钢丝规格和重量""直径 (mm)","断面积 (mm2)","重量 (kg/m)"," 抗 拉 强 度 (kg/mm2)",,"屈 服 强 度 (kg/mm2)",,,"I组","II组","I组","II组""2.5","4.90","0.034","190","160","152","128""3","7.06","0.056","180","150","144","120""4","12.56","0.094","170","140","136","112""5","19.63","0.150","160","130","126","104""注 刻痕钢丝是由预应力混凝土结构用碳素钢丝(冷拔高强度钢丝)在经特制的"刻痕机"进行刻痕而制成的"" 预应力钢筋混凝土结构用的钢丝.""钢丝网""五)钢丝网规格和重量""号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)"20,"1.6","1.5",,"6","2.0","6.7",,"2.5","0.7","2.0",,"1","0.3","0.9","3.0","5.1",,"5.5","0.5","0.6",,"2.2","0.45","1.0",,,"0.35","1.2""18","1.6","1.7",,,"1.6","4.7",,,"0.6","1.6",,"0.9","0.25","0.7","3.0","5.7",,,"2.0","7.2",,,"0.8","2.9",,,"0.3","1.0""16","1.6","1.9",,"5","0.7","1.1",,"2","0.4","0.9",,,"0.4","1.6","3.0","6.3",,,"1.4","4.1",,,"0.5","1.3",,"0.8","0.22","0.6""14","1.4","1.7",,,"2.2","8.9",,,"0.6","1.9",,,"0.28","0.9","2.5","4.9",,"4.5","0.5","0.7",,,"1.2","6.0",,,"0.3","1.0""12","1.2","1.4",,,"1.0","2.3",,"1.8","0.4","0.9",,"0.7","0.2","0.6","2.5","5.7",,,"1.8","6.8",,,"0.5","1.4",,,"0.25","0.9""11","1.2","1.5",,"4","0.6","1.0",,,"0.7","2.6",,,"0.30","1.2","2.5","6.1",,,"1.0","2.6",,"1.6","0.3","0.6",,"0.63","0.22","0.7""10","1.0","1.2",,,"1.4","4.8",,,"0.4","1.0",,,"0.25","0.9","2.5","6.6",,"3.5","0.7","1.5",,,"0.45","1.3",,,"0.28","1.2""9","1.0","1.3",,,"1.0","2.9",,"1.4","0.30","0.7",,"0.56","0.22","0.8","2.2","5.7",,,"1.2","4.0",,,"0.35","0.9",,,"0.25","1.0""8","0.7","0.7",,"3.2","0.45","0.7",,,"0.65","2.7",,,"0.28","1.2","1.2","2.1",,,"0.9","2.7",,"1.2","0.28","0.7",,"0.5","0.22","0.9","1.8","4.5",,,"1.2","4.3",,,"0.35","1.0",,,"0.25","1.1""7","0.7","0.8",,"2.8","0.4","0.7",,,"0.4","1.3",,,"0.3","1.5","1.2","2.3",,,"0.7","1.8",,"1.1","0.28","0.7",,"0.45","0.2","0.8","1.8","5.0",,,"1.0","3.6",,,"0.35","1.1",,,"0.25","1.2""6","0.7","0.9",,"2.5","0.4","0.7",,,"0.40","1.4",,,"0.2","0.9","1.2","2.7",,,"0.5","1.1",,"1","0.25","0.7",,"0.4","0.25","1.3""钢板网""六)钢板网规格和重量""品 种","规 格 (mm)",,,,,,"每张大约重量(kg)","生产单位","丝梗厚度 h","孔眼宽度 T","丝梗宽度 b","节 距 t","网面宽度 B","网面长度 L""小","0.5","9","1","25","1800","600","0.875","上海中国钢板网厂",,,,,"2000",,"0.875","0.6","9","1","25","1800","600","1.000",,,,,"2000",,"1.125","0.7","9","1","25","1800","600","1.125",,,,,"2000",,"1.250""网","0.75","9","1","25","1800","600","1.250",,,,,"2000",,"1.375","0.8","9","1","25","1800","600","1.375",,,,,"2000",,"1.500","1","9","1","25","1500","600","1.625",,,,,"1800",,"1.875",,,,,"2000",,"2.125""大","0.5","7","1.2","2.5","1800","2800","5.85","上海中国钢板网厂","1","7","1.2","25","1800","2800","11.70",,"9","1.2","25","1500","3000","7.95",,,,,"1800","3600","11.70",,"9","1.1","25","2000","4000","14.76",,"11","1.6","40","1800","3600","11.70",,,,,"2000","4000","14.60","1.2","7","1.2","25","1800","2800","14.04",,"9","1.2","25","1800","3600","14.04",,,"1.1","25","2000","4000","17.71",,"11","1.6","40","1800","3600","14.04""网",,,,,"2000","4000","17.71","1.5","11","1.6","40","1800","3600","17.55",,"17","2.3","65","2000","4000","22.14","2","17","2.3","65","1500","3000","15.90",,,,,"1800","3600","23.41",,,,,"2000","4000","29.52",,"22","3.0","75","1500","3000","15.90",,,,,"1800","3600","23.41",,,,,"2000","4000","29.52",,"27","3.8","100","2000","4000","29.52","3","36","4.6","115","2000","4000","44.28",,"45","6.1","150""钢丝纱""七)钢丝纱(窗纱)规格和重量""规 格","面 积(m2/卷)","重 量",,"(kg/卷)","(kg/m2)""14目3x100","27.87","12.5","0.448""14目4x100","37.16","16.6","0.448""16目3x100",27.87,13.5,"0.484""16目4x100",37.16,"18.0","0.484""紫铜丝布""(八)紫铜丝布(紫铜纱)规格和重量""网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)""8","22","2.691",,"30","30","2.5116",,"65","36","1.9734""10","24","2.691",,"35","31","1.9734",,"70","36","1.9734""12","24","3.0498",,"40","32","1.9734",,"75","37","1.9734""16","26","2.1528",,"45","33","1.9734",,"80","37","1.9734""20","27","2.1528",,"50","34","1.9734",,"100","39","1.7940""24","30","2.1528",,"55","35","1.9734""28","30","2.3322",,"60","35","1.7940""黄铜丝布""(九)黄铜丝布(黄铜纱)规格和重量""网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)""8","24","1.5787",,"24","34","0.8611",,"50","38","0.6458""10","26","1.2375",,"26","34","0.8252",,"60","41","0.3947""12","27","1.2558",,"28","36","0.5386",,"70","42","0.3347""14","27","1.3276",,"30","36","0.5741",,"80","43","0.3767""16","32","0.6100",,"32","36","0.6100",,"90","43","0.4306""18","33","0.6100",,"34","36","0.6279",,"100","43","0.5023""20","33","0.7176",,"36","36","0.7176",,"110","44","0.3347""22","33","0.8611",,"40","36","0.4844",,"120","44","0.4485""铝及铝合金直角角型材""1,铝及铝合金直角角型材(XC111)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H=B","b",,,,,"H=B","b",,,,,"H=B","b"1,"12","1","0.234","0.065",,"25","25","1.3","0.734","0.204",,"49","38.3","5","3.590","0.998"2,"12","2","0.440","0.122",,"26","25","1.6","0.777","0.216",,"50","38.3","6.3","4.444","1.235"3,"12.5","1.6","0.377","0.105",,"27","25","2","0.964","0.268",,"51","40","2","1.564","0.435"4,"15","1","0.294","0.082",,"28","25","2.5","1.189","0.331",,"52","40","2.5","1.944","0.540"5,"15","1.2","0.353","0.098",,"29","25","3","1.410","0.392",,"53","40","3","2.320","0.645"6,"15","1.5","0.434","0.121",,"30","25","3.2","1.509","0.429",,"54","40","3.5","2.671","0.743"7,"15","2","0.564","0.157",,"31","25","3.5","1.641","0.456",,"55","40","3.5","2.694","0.749"8,"15","3","0.820","0.223",,"32","25","4","1.857","0.516",,"56","40","4","3.057","0.850"9,"16","1.6","0.429","0.119",,"33","25","5","2.242","0.623",,"57","40","5","3.750","1.043"10,"16","2.4","0.726","0.202",,"34","27","2","1.041","0.289",,"58","45","4","3.475","0.961"11,"18","1.5","0.524","0.146",,"35","27","2","1.090","0.303",,"59","45","5","4.277","1.189"12,"18","2","0.684","0.190",,"36","30","1.5","0.884","0.246",,"60","50","3","2.920","0.812"13,"19","1.6","0.585","0.163",,"37","30","2","1.164","0.324",,"61","50","4","3.857","1.072"14,"19","2.4","0.861","0.239",,"38","30","2.5","1.438","0.400",,"62","50","5","4.777","1.328"15,"19","3.2","1.125","0.313",,"39","30","3","1.720","0.478",,"63","50","6","5.655","1.572"16,"20","1","0.397","0.110",,"40","30","4","2.240","0.623",,"64","50","6.5","6.110","1.699"17,"20","1.2","0.473","0.131",,"41","32","2.4","1.491","0.415",,"65","50","12","10.600","2.947"18,"20","1.5","0.584","0.162",,"42","32","3.2","1.957","0.554",,"66","60","5","5.777","1.606"19,"20","2","0.764","0.212",,"43","32","3.5","2.131","0.592",,"67","60","6","6.855","1.906"20,"20","3","1.140","0.137",,"44","32","6.5","3.723","1.036",,"68","75","7","10.010","2.783"21,"20","4","1.475","0.410",,"45","35","3","2.005","0.557",,"69","75","8","11.360","3.158"22,"20.5","1.6","0.633","0.176",,"46","35","4","2.657","0.739",,"70","75","10","14.000","3.892"23,"23","2","0.680","0.245",,"47","38","2.4","1.773","0.498",,"71","90","5","8.750","2.433"24,"25","1.2","0.597","0.166",,"48","38.3","3.5","2.562","0.712",,"72","90","8","13.760","3.825""注 (1)铝及铝合金型材的尺寸,规格等摘自冶金工业部1970年颁发的《铝及铝镁合金挤压型材》."" (2)表内理论重量均按LY12合金比重(2.78)进行计算,其他材料的比重及换算系数如下:L1~L7(2.71)-0.975;"" LF2(2.68)-0.964;LF11(2.65)-0.953;LF21(2.73)-0.982;LD2(2.70)-0.971;"" LY11(2.80)-1.007;LY12(2.78)-1.000."" (3)铝型材主要生产单位有哈尔滨和西北铝加工厂等.西北铝加工厂的产品断面为100~400cm2,宽度小于530mm."" (4)铝及铝合金型材规格的表示方法是型材类别组号加序号,如XC111-4,其中,XC表示型材,后面的数字依次为"" 类别,组号,连字符后的数字为顺序号.""铝及铝合金直丁字型材""2,铝及铝合金直丁字型材(XC211)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"15","25","1","0.405","0.113",,"34","32","45","3","2.259","0.628"2,"19","50","2","1.378","0.383",,"35","32","48","2.4","1.874","0.521"3,"20","20","2","0.760","0.211",,"36","32","50","3","2.423","0.674"4,"20","30","1.5","0.740","0.206",,"37","35","32","1.5","1.000","0.278"5,"20","35","2","1.060","0.295",,"38","35","35","4","2.713","0.754"6,"20","37","2","1.117","0.311",,"39","35","40","2","1.468","0.408"7,"20","42","2","1.200","0.334",,"40","37","42","2","1.500","0.417"8,"20","42","2","1.240","0.345",,"41","38","44","5","3.910","1.087"9,"20","45","2","1.860","0.517",,"42","38","50","3.5","3.026","0.841"10,"20","90","2","2.160","0.600",,"43","38","50","4.8","3.990","1.109"11,"21","53","1.8","1.300","0.361",,"44","39","75","5","5.510","1.532"12,"22","48","1.4","1.960","0.267",,"45","40","36","5","3.350","0.933"13,"25","29","1.6","0.847","0.25",,"46","40","45","3","2.479","0.689"14,"25","35","1.5","0.890","0.247",,"47","40","45","4","3.274","0.910"15,"25","38","2.5","1.510","0.420",,"48","40","68","3","3.300","0.917"16,"25","40","2","1.280","0.356",,"49","40","130","6","9.840","2.736"17,"25","45","2.5","1.726","0.480",,"50","42","64","4","4.100","1.140"18,"25","45","3","2.019","0.561",,"51","45","40","2.2","1.860","0.517"19,"25","45","4","2.708","0.753",,"52","50","70","4","4.640","1.300"20,"25","48","1.4","1.012","0.288",,"53","51","51","2.4","2.443","0.679"21,"25","48","1.5","1.082","0.301",,"54","54","50","3","3.040","0.845"22,"25","50","2","1.499","0.417",,"55","54","68","3","3.608","1.003"23,"25","50","2.5","1.851","0.515",,"56","64","50","5","5.781","1.607"24,"26","38","2.5","1.554","0.432",,"57","63","50","2","2.320","0.645"25,"27","70","2","1.920","0.534",,"58","70","37","2","2.100","0.584"26,"29","38","1.6","1.055","0.293",,"59","70","55","2","2.460","0.684"27,"29","58","2.5","2.180","0.606",,"60","74","66","6","8.080","2.246"28,"29","58","3.5","2.991","0.831",,"61","75","40","3","3.400","0.945"29,"30","40","1.5","1.040","0.289",,"62","80","50","2","2.560","0.712"30,"30","40","2","1.370","0.381",,"63","80","60","3","4.110","1.143"31,"30","45","3","2.150","0.597",,"64","83","50","3","3.953","1.099"32,"30","56","4","3.280","0.912",,"65","90","77","10","15.700","4.365"33,"30","68","6.5","6.100","1.696""热轧铜板""1,热轧铜板(YB459-64)""厚度(mm)","宽 度 (mm)",,,,,,,,"理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)","600~900","1000~1200","1300~1500","1600~1800","1900~2200","2300~2500","2600~2800","2900~3000","最 大 长 度 (mm)""5.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"44.50""5.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"48.95""6.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"53.40""6.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"57.85""7.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"62.30""7.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"66.75""8.0","4000","5000","6000","5500","4800","4200","3700","3500","71.20""9.0","4000","5000","6000","5000","4200","3700","3300","3100","80.10""10.0","4000","5000","5500","4500","3800","3300","3000","3000","89.0""11.0","4000","5000","5000","4000","3400","3300","2800",,"97.9""12.0","4000","5000","4500","3800","3100","2800",,,"106.8""13.0","4000","5000","4000","3600","2900",,,,"115.7""14.0","4000","4500","3800","3300","2700",,,,"124.6""15.0","4500","4300","3600","3100","2500",,,,"133.5""16.0","4500","4300","3400","2000","2400",,,,"142.4""17.0","4500","4000","3200","2700","2200",,,,"151.3""18.0","4500","3900","3000","2600",,,,,"160.2""19.0","4500","3700","2800","2400",,,,,"169.1""20.0","4500","3500","2600","2300",,,,,"178.0""21.0","4000","3300","2500","2200",,,,,"186.9""22.0","4000","3000","2400","2100",,,,,"195.8""23.0","4000","3000","2400","2000",,,,,"204.7""24.0","3500","2800","2200","1900",,,,,"213.6""25.0","3500","2800","2000","1800",,,,,"222.5""注 热轧板的宽度按100mm进级.""铝及铝合金等边等壁工字型材""4,铝及铝合金等边等壁工字型材(XC511)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积 (mm2)","理论重量 (kg/m)","H","B","b"1,"23","38","1.2","1.178","0.327"2,"26","34.5","3.5","3.157","0.875"3,"57","48","8","11.000","3.058"4,"68","38","2.5","3.509","0.976"5,"86","60","6","11.600","3.225""铝及铝合金等边等壁Z字形型材""4,铝及铝合金等边等壁Z字形型材(XC411)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"12.7","15.9","1.6","0.688","0.191",,11,"38","25","3","2.613","0.726"2,"20","15","1.2","0.578","0.163",,12,"44","25","4","3.690","1.001"3,"20","15","1.5","0.721","0.200",,13,"50","19","2.5","2.102","0.584"4,"25","18","1.5","0.885","0.246",,14,"80","30","3","4.020","1.118"5,"25","23","3.5","2.267","0.630",,15,"80","35","4","5.680","1.579"6,"31","25","2.5","1.900","0.528",,16,"80","40","4","6.080","1.690"7,"32","14","1.9","1.000","0.303",,17,"100","30","3","4.620","1.284"8,"34","25","3.5","2.764","0.768",,18,"100","35","4","6.480","1.801"9,"36","26","2.5","2.075","0.577",,19,"100","40","4","6.880","1.913"10,"36","31.5","3.2","2.960","0.823""铝及铝合金槽形型材""3,铝及铝合金槽形型材(XC311)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"13","13","1.6","0.561","0.156",,"31","45","40","3","3.638","1.011"2,"13","34","3.5","2.579","0.717",,"32","46","25","5","4.300","1.195"3,"20","15","1.3","0.620","0.172",,"33","50","20","4","5.331","0.926"4,"21","28","4","2.868","0.797",,"34","50","30","2","2.120","0.589"5,"25","13","2.4","1.134","0.315",,"35","50","30","4","4.131","1.148"6,"25","15","1.5","0.795","0.221",,"36","55","25","5","4.819","1.340"7,"25","18","1.5","0.870","0.242",,"37","55","30","3","3.299","0.917"8,"25","18","2","1.140","0.317",,"38","60","25","4","4.131","1.148"9,"25","20","2.5","1.520","0.423",,"39","60","35","5","6.000","1.668"10,"25","20","4","2.280","0.634",,"40","60","40","4","4.480","1.245"11,"25","25","5","3.250","0.904",,"41","63","38.3","4.8","6.275","1.744"12,"30","15","1.5","0.870","0.242",,"42","64","38","4","5.300","1.473"13,"30","18","1.5","0.960","0.267",,"43","70","25","3","3.449","0.959"14,"30","20","2","1.335","0.371",,"44","70","25","5","5.500","1.529"15,"30","22","6","3.870","1.076",,"45","70","26","3.2","3.700","1.028"16,"32","25","1.8","1.437","0.399",,"46","70","30","4","4.931","1.371"17,"32","25","2.5","1.925","0.535",,"47","70","40","5","7.080","1.968"18,"35","20","2.5","1.770","0.492",,"48","75","45","5","7.831","2.177"19,"35","30","2","1.833","0.510",,"49","80","30","4.5","6.010","1.671"20,"38","50","5","6.560","1.824",,"50","80","35","4.5","6.414","1.783"21,"40","18","2","1.453","0.404",,"51","80","35","6","8.280","2.302"22,"40","18","2.5","1.795","0.499",,"52","80","40","4","6.131","1.704"23,"40","18","3","2.129","0.592",,"53","80","40","6","8.900","2.474"24,"40","21","4","2.960","0.823",,"54","80","60","4","7.480","2.079"25,"40","25","2","1.730","0.481",,"55","90","50","6","10.680","2.969"26,"40","25","3","2.549","0.709",,"56","100","40","6","10.080","2.802"27,"40","30","3.5","3.250","0.904",,"57","100","48","6.3","11.550","3.211"28,"40","32","3","2.978","0.828",,"58","100","50","5","9.580","2.663"29,"40","50","4","5.280","1.468",,"59","128","40","9","17.100","4.754"30,"45","20","3","2.370","0.659""冷拔(轧)无缝钢管1""2,冷拔(轧)无缝钢管(YB231-70)""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)","0.25","0.30","0.40","0.50","0.60","0.80","1.0","1.2",1.4,"1.5",1.6,1.8,"2.0","2.2","2.5","2.8","3.0","3.2","3.5","4.0","4.5","5.0","钢 管 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""50",,,,,,,"1.21","1.44","1.68","1.79","1.91","2.14","2.37","2.59","2.93","3.25","3.48","3.70","4.01","4.54","5.05","5.55""(51)",,,,,,,"1.23","1.47","1.71","1.83","1.96","2.18","2.42","2.64","2.99","3.32","3.55","3.79","4.10","4.64","5.16","5.67""53",,,,,,,"1.28","1.53","1.78","1.91","2.03","2.27","2.52","2.76","3.11","3.46","3.70","3.94","4.27","4.83","5.38","5.92""(54)",,,,,,,"1.31","1.59","1.82","1.94","2.07","2.31","2.56","2.81","3.18","3.53","3.77","4.02","4.36","4.93","5.49","6.04""56",,,,,,,"1.36","1.62","1.89","2.02","2.15","2.40","2.66","2.92","3.30","3.66","3.92","4.17","4.53","5.13","5.71","6.29""(57)",,,,,,,"1.38","1.65","1.92","2.05","2.18","2.45","2.71","2.97","3.36","3.74","4.00","4.25","4.62","5.23","5.83","6.41""60",,,,,,,"1.46","1.74","2.02","2.16","2.31","2.58","2.86","3.13","3.55","3.94","4.22","4.49","4.88","5.52","6.16","6.78""63",,,,,,,"1.53","1.83","2.13","2.27","2.42","2.71","3.01","3.30","3.72","4.15","4.44","4.73","5.13","5.81","6.49","7.14""65",,,,,,,"1.58","1.89","2.20","2.35","2.50","2.80","3.11","3.40","3.85","4.29","4.59","4.89","5.31","6.02","6.71","7.40""(68)",,,,,,,"1.65","1.98","2.36","2.46","2.62","2.93","3.26","3.57","4.04","4.49","4.81","5.12","5.57","6.31","7.05","7.77""70",,,,,,,"1.70","2.03","2.37","2.53","2.70","3.02","3.35","3.68","4.16","4.36","4.96","5.23","5.74","6.51","7.27","8.01""(73)",,,,,,,"1.78","2.12","2.47","2.64","2.82","3.16","3.50","3.84","4.35","4.84","5.18","5.52","6.00","6.81","7.60","8.38""75",,,,,,,"1.82","2.18","2.54","2.71","2.90","3.24","3.60","3.95","4.46","4.97","5.32","5.68","6.17","7.00","7.82","8.62""(76)",,,,,,,"1.85","2.21","2.57","2.76","2.94","3.29","3.65","4.00","4.53","5.05","5.40","5.75","6.26","7.10","7.93","8.75""80",,,,,,,,,"2.71","2.90","3.09","3.47","3.84","4.22","4.77","5.32","5.69","6.07","6.60","7.49","8.37","9.24""(83)",,,,,,,,,"2.82","3.02","3.21","3.60","4.00","4.37","4.96","5.52","5.92","6.31","6.86","7.79","8.71","9.62""85",,,,,,,,,"2.88","3.08","3.29","3.69","4.09","4.48","5.08","5.66","6.06","6.46","7.04","7.98","8.93","9.83""(89)",,,,,,,,,"3.02","3.24","3.45","3.86","4.29","4.70","5.33","5.94","6.36","6.77","7.38","8.38","9.38","10.33""90",,,,,,,,,"3.05","3.27","3.49","3.91","4.34","4.76","5.39","6.01","6.43","6.86","7.47","8.47","9.49","10.47""95",,,,,,,,,"3.21","3.46","3.68","4.13","4.59","5.02","5.70","6.36","6.81","7.26","7.90","8.98","10.04","11.10"100,,,,,,,,,"3.40","3.64","3.88","4.35","4.83","5.30","6.00","6.70","7.17","7.65","8.32","9.46","10.59","11.70""(102)",,,,,,,,,"3.46","3.73","3.97","4.45","4.93","5.40","6.13","6.84","7.32","7.81","8.50","9.67","10.82","11.96""(108)",,,,,,,,,"3.67","3.95","4.21","4.72","5.23","5.74","6.50","7.25","7.77","8.29","9.02","10.26","11.49","12.70"110,,,,,,,,,"3.74","4.03","4.28","4.81","5.32","5.84","6.62","7.39","7.92","8.43","9.19","10.46","11.70","12.93"120,,,,,,,,,,"4.36","4.66","5.25","5.83","6.38","7.24","8.07","8.66","9.22","10.06","11.44","12.93","14.30"125,,,,,,,,,,,,"5.46","6.06","6.64","7.54","8.42","9.02","9.61","10.50","11.91","13.37","14.80"130,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"7.86","8.78","9.40","10.00","10.92","12.43","13.92","15.48""(133)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"8.05","8.98","9.59","10.25","11.18","12.75","14.26","15.75"140,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"10.11","10.79","11.80","13.42","15.05","16.65"150,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"10.85","11.52","12.65","14.39","16.11","17.85"160,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"13.53","15.38","17.25","19.09"170,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"14.31","16.31","18.35","20.30"180,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"15.20","17.30","19.50","21.59"190,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"18.29","20.60","22.80"200,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"19.67","21.65","24.00""冷拔(轧)无缝钢管2""2,冷拔(轧)无缝钢管(YB231-70)""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)","3.0","3.2","3.5","4.0","4.5","5.0","5.5","6.0","6.5","7.0","7.5","8.0","8.5","9","9.5","10",11,12,"钢 管 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""5""6""7""8""9""10","0.518","0.536","0.561""11","0.592","0.615","0.647""12","0.666","0.694","0.734","0.789""(13)","0.740","0.774","0.820","0.888""14","0.814","0.852","0.906","0.986""(15)","0.888","0.932","0.993","1.09","1.17","1.23""16","0.962","1.10","1.08","1.18","1.28","1.35""(17)","1.04","1.09","1.17","1.28","1.39","1.48""18","1.11","1.17","1.25","1.38","1.50","1.60""(19)","1.18","1.25","1.34","1.48","1.61","1.73","1.54","1.92""20","1.26","1.33","1.42","1.58","1.72","1.85","1.97","2.07""(21)","1.33","1.41","1.51","1.68","1.83","1.97","2.10","2.22""22","1.41","1.49","1.60","1.77","1.94","2.10","2.24","2.37""(23)","1.48","1.57","1.68","1.87","2.05","2.22","2.37","2.52""(24)","1.55","1.64","1.77","1.97","2.16","2.34","2.51","2.66","2.81","2.93""25","1.63","1.72","1.86","2.07","2.28","2.47","2.64","2.81","2.97","3.11""(27)","1.78","1.88","2.03","2.27","2.50","2.71","2.92","3.11","3.29","3.45""28","1.85","1.96","2.11","2.37","2.61","2.84","3.05","3.26","3.45","3.68""29","1.92","2.02","2.20","2.47","2.72","2.96","3.19","3.40","3.60","3.80","3.98""30","2.00","2.12","2.29","2.56","2.83","3.08","3.32","3.55","3.77","3.97","4.16","4.34""32","2.15","1.28","2.46","2.76","3.05","3.33","3.59","3.85","4.09","4.32","4.53","4.74""34","2.29","2.43","2.63","2.96","3.27","3.58","3.87","4.14","4.41","4.66","4.90","5.13""(35)","2.37","2.51","2.72","3.06","3.38","3.70","4.00","4.29","4.57","4.83","5.09","5.33""36","2.44","2.59","2.81","3.16","3.50","3.82","4.14","4.44","4.73","5.01","5.27","5.52""38","2.59","2.75","2.98","3.35","3.72","4.07","4.41","4.74","5.05","5.35","5.64","5.92","6.18","6.44""40","2.74","2.91","3.15","3.55","3.94","4.32","4.68","5.03","5.37","5.70","6.01","6.31","6.60","6.88""42","2.89","3.07","3.32","3.75","4.16","4.56","4.95","5.33","5.69","6.04","6.38","6.71","7.02","7.32""44.5","3.07","3.25","3.54","4.00","4.44","4.87","5.29","5.70","6.09","6.47","6.84","7.20","7.55","7.88""45","3.11","3.31","3.58","4.04","4.49","4.93","5.36","5.77","6.17","6.56","6.94","7.30","7.65","7.99","8.32","8.63""48","3.33","3.54","3.84","4.34","4.83","5.30","5.76","6.21","6.65","7.08","7.49","7.89","8.28","8.66","9.03","9.57""水,煤气输送钢管""1,水,煤气输送钢管规格,重量表[冶标(YB)234-63]""公称内径",,"钢 管 螺 纹",,"外径 (mm)","普通管",,"加厚管""mm","(in.)",,"壁厚 (mm)","理论重量 (不计管接头) (kg/m)","壁厚 (mm)","理论重量 (不计管接头) (kg/m)""6","1/8''","10","2","0.89","2.50","0.46""8","1/4''","13.5","2.25","0.62","2.75","0.73""10","3/8''","17","2.25","0.82","2.75","0.97""15","1/2''","21.25","2.75","1.25","3.25","1.44""20","3/4''","26.75","2.75","1.63","3.5","2.01""25","1''","33.5","3.25","2.42","4","2.91""32","1 1''/4","42.25","3.25","3.13","4","3.77""40","1 1''/2","48","3.5","3.84","4.25","4.58""50","2''","60","3.5","4.88","4.5","6.16""70","2 1''/2","75.5","3.75","6.64","4.5","7.88""80","3''","88.5","4","8.34","4.75","9.81""100","4''","114","4","10.85","5","13.44""125","5''","140","4.5","15.04","5.5","18.24""150","6''","165","4.5","17.81","5.5","21.63""注(1)表列钢管是适用于输送水,煤气及采暖系统等用的钢管.分镀锌和不镀锌(黑管)两种;又分带螺纹和"" 不带螺纹两种;按壁厚可分为普通钢管,加厚钢管和薄壁钢管."" (2)钢管的长度规定为:无螺纹的黑管4~12m;带螺纹的黑管和镀锌管4~9m.每批允许有10%的(按根数计算)"" 2~4m长的短尺钢管或4~9m米长的接管(即用一个管接头将两根钢管连接而成)."" (3)经供需双方协议,可供应定尺长度或倍尺长度的钢管.其最大长度可到8m.按倍尺交货的钢管,每个单"" 倍尺应留切口5~10mm."" (4)钢管用易焊接的软钢制造,钢号和制造方法(炉焊或电焊)均由制造厂选择."" (5)钢管应能承受下列规定压力的水压试验:普通钢管和薄壁钢管:20kg/cm2;加厚钢管30kg/cm2.""电丝套管""2,电丝套管规格,重量表""名称","外径 (mm)","近似内径 (mm)","管壁厚度 (mm)","重量 (kg/m)","每吨长度 (m/t)""5/8''","15.9","12.3","1.8","0.626","1597.44""3/4''","19.1","15.5","1.8","0.627","1302.08""1''","25.4","21.8","1.8","0.628","954.20""1 1''/4","31.8","28.2","1.8","0.629","750.75""1 1''/2","38.1","34.5","1.8","0.630","620.73""电焊钢管""电焊钢管规格,重量表[冶标(YB)242-68]""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)",0.5,0.6,0.8,"1.0","1.2","1.4","1.5","1.6","1.8","2.0","2.2","2.5","2.8","3.0","3.2","3.5","3.8","4.0",4.2,4.5,4.8,"5.0",5.5,"钢 管 的 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""(5)","0.055","0.065","0.083","0.099""(6)","0.068","0.080","0.108","0.123""(7)","0.080","0.095","0.122","0.148""(8)","0.092","0.110","0.142","0.173","(0.202)""(9)","0.105","0.125","0.162","0.197","0.231""10","0.117","0.139","0.182","0.222","(0.261)""(11)","0.129","0.154","0.201","0.247","0.290""12","0.142","0.169","0.221","0.271","0.320","0.365","(0.388)","0.411""(13)",,"0.184","0.241","0.296","0.349","0.400","0.425","0.451""(14)",,"0.199","0.260","0.321","0.379","0.434","0.462","0.490""15",,"0.214","0.280","0.345","0.409","0.468","(0.499)","0.529""16",,"0.228","0.300","0.370","0.438","0.503","(0.536)","0.568""(17)",,"0.244","0.320","0.395","0.468","0.537","0.573","0.608""18",,"0.258","0.340","0.419","0.497","0..572","(0.610)","0.647","(0.717)","(0.789)""(19)",,"0.274","0.359","0.444","0.527","0